Q.1 Read the text carefully. What did Mahatma Gandhi mean when he said satyagraph is active resistance? 

1. Satyagrapha does not mean to inflict pain on the adversary rather it is the source of soul.

2. Truth is the substance of soul and so it is the substance of satyagraph.

3. It does not mean destruction but it means to clear the minds of adversaries and convert destructive thoughts into constructive by showing them love, compassion and truth.

Hence satyagrapha is active resistance.

Activity (Page 59)

Q.2 If you were a peasant in Uttar Pradesh in 1920, how would you have responded to Gandhiji call for swaraj? Give reasons for your response.

I would have responded to Gandhiji call for swaraj in a positive non – violent manner. His way of truth and non- violence was the most potent way to attain swaraj, therefore, I would have followed him.

Discuss (Page 67)

Q.3 Why did various classes and groups of Indian participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement?

The various classes and groups of Indian participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement due to their own, limited motives. To them “swaraj”  meant something they carved for. For example.

1. To businessmen, swaraj meant a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints.

2. Similarly to rich peasant classes, swaraj was a struggle against high land revenue.

3. Women took swaraj as the attainment of elevated status and equality with men in Indian society.

4. Poor peasants considered swaraj as the time when they would have their own land, would not have to pay rents or do beggar.

5. Working class dreamed for high wages and excellent working conditions.

Hence, swaraj was different for different classes and group of Indians.

Discuss (Page 69)

Q.4 Read the source D carefully. Do you agree with lqbal’s idea of communalism? Can you define communalism in a different way?

1. No, I do not agree with Iqbal’s idea of communalism as it was based upon the though that India is a land of racial and religious variety.

2. That does not really mean that India needed any type of communal settlement or division on the basis of community.

3. According to me, communalism believes in the government of a specific community. It does not have any element of nation in it, which was the motive of nationalist struggle for India’s freedom.

Activity (Page 72)

Q.5 Look at Figs. 12 and 14. Do you think these images will appeal to all castes and communities. Explain your views briefly. 

1. No, I do not think that these images would appeal to all castes and communities of India.

2. Because, these images of “Bharat Mata” show her in the incarnation of a Hindu Goddess.

3. This gives a religious biasness to the image. It should be avoided. The image should reflect the nationalist idea of unity of all castes and communities.

Exercise

Write in Brief :

Q.1  Explain :

(a) Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial  movement.

(b) How did he first world war help in he growth of the national movement in India.

(c) Why were Indians outraged by the Rowlatt Act

(d) Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the non. Cooperation movement.

(a) (i) The anti- colonial movement brought together people of all castes, classes and communities to fight against the powerful European country.

(ii) This provided a good platform for the change of nationalist and liberal ideas among the natives.

(iii) Hence, anti- colonial movement became a breeding ground for the growth of nationalism in all colonies.

(b) (i) During the first world war period, price rise in India led to extreme  hardship for the common people.

(ii) Villagers were unwillingy  recruited in army and had to do beggar.

(iii) This led to widespread anger among Indians.

(iv) Also the failure of crops at the same time led to the spread of anti- British and nationalist feelings among Indians.

(c) Under Rowlatt Act India leaders could be detained, without reason for two  years   in order to prevent anti- British sentiments. This led to the anger of  Indians.

(d) Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement, in 1922, due to violent incident of Chauri- Chaura in Gorakhpur.

Q.2  What is meant by the idea of satyagraha?

1. Satyagraph was a novel method of mass agitation. The idea of satyagrapha emphaissed upon the power of truth and the need to search for truth.

2. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.

3. Through non- violent methods, a satyagraphi could appeal the conscience of the oppressor by the power of truth, which was bound to ultimately triumph.

Q.3  Write a newspaper report on :

(a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

(b) The Simon Commission.

(a) The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre :

1. On the day of 13^th April 1919, many people gathered in a closed Jallianwala Bagh.

2. They didn’t know about the imposition of Marital law in the Amritar city.

3. General Dyre, the Commander, in order to teach a lesson on violating the Maritial Law, came in with small military force.

4. He blocked the exists form the Bagh and opened fire upon the innocent citizens who had women and children too hundreds of them died.

5. The Jallianwala Bagh incident was the most brutal incident in the history of India. It earned a nationwide outrage.

(b) The Simon Commission:

(i)  It was constituted by the Tory government in Britain under Sir John simon

(ii) The objective of the Commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.

(iii) But nationalists in India opposed the commission because of problem in it.

• The problem was that the commission had not a single India member. They all were British.

•  Therefore, when the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan “Go Back Simon”.

•  All parties, including Congress and the Muslim league, participated in the demonstrations.

Q.4 Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this Chapter with the image of Germania in    Chapter -1.

1. The image of Germania was the symbol of German nation. Whereas, the image of Bharat Mata was the symbol of India nation.

2. Both the images inspired nationalists who worked very hard to unify their respective countries and to attain and liberal nation.

3. But the image of Bharat Mata is different from that of Germania in the sense that former reflects the religious basis of its making.

4. Bharat Mata is shown as a Hindu Goddess, having Trishul (weapon), in her hand. This religious flavour denoted the concept of one nation in which Hindu had to live with their brothers which belonged to other religions such as Muslim and Christians , etc. Therefore, the image of Bharat Mata, became a controversial figure and also indirectly played role in spread of communalism in pre-independent India. On the other hand the image of Germania, did not have any such controversy attached to it.

Discuss

Q.1 List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.

The social groups of India, that joined the Non- Cooperation Movement of 1921 were as under:

1. Middle – classes people (students, headmasters, teachers, lawyers, etc.)

2. Political parties except the Justice Party of Madras, the party of non-Brahmins.

3. Merchants and traders.

4. Peasants of Awadh led by Baba Ramchandra.

5. Tribals of Andhra Pradesh led by Alluri Sitaram Raju.

6. Plantation workers in Assam.

Let know why some of these social groups joined the Non-Cooperation Movement.

(a) Peasants of Awadh :

1. The poor peasants of Awadh had tough times. They didn’t have land, therefore, they had to cultivate the landlord’s fields.

2. The latter asked for rents, which if not paid at times led to the confestication of the rented land as well as crops.

3. This incurred credit to the poor peasants, and they got trapped into the debt cycle. They had to do beggar and work at landlords farms without any payment.

4. But Baba- Ramchandra, a Sanyasi , led the poor peasants movement and with the help of Jawahar Lal Nehru established “Oudh Kisan Sabha”in 1920.

5. This movement was later merged with the Non- Cooperation – Khailafat Movements of 1921.

(b) Tribals of Andhra Pradesh :

1. The tribals of Andhra Pradesh were a disturbed lot. They could not enter the forests as those were reserved by the colonial government.

2. Tribals could not collect fuelwood from forests. Also tribal people depended upon cattle which grazed in the Jungles. But this activity ended as soon as forests were reserved. Therefore the lives of tribals came to a standstill.

3. Led by Alluri Sitaram Raju, who firmly believed in Gandhi except his non – violent methods of attaning freedom tribals rebelled against the oppressive British government. They joined the Non-Cooperation – Khailafat movements, but violently.

(c) Plantation Workers :

1. They assumed that non-Cooperation movement meant that they could reunitre with their families, by overruling the terms and conditions of their contracts.

2. Therefore many of them defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.

3. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages.

4. But their plans failed as they could not reach their destinations due to railway and steamer strikes and were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

Q.2 Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.   

1. Gandhi, on 31 January 1930, sent a letter to then viceroy Irwin, containing 11 most essential demands.

2. Some of these were of general interests, others were specific demands of different classes from industrialists to peasants.

3. The idea was to make the demands wideranging, so that all classes within the India society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign.

4. But the most unusual of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax.

5. Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food.

6. According to Gandhi, the tax on the salt and the government monopoly over its production revealed the most oppressive face of the British rule.

7. By the successful Salt March, Gandhi showed down upon the British colonial government in his on satyagraha way.

8. The salt March indeed was the most significant symbol of resistance against colonialism.

Q.3  Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life.

1. I am feeling humble and great. When I walk thousands of like minded women in a march under the civil Disobedience Movement, the feeling of having doen something for my beloved country comes to my mind.

2. Although, marching in big crowds, on the city roads is the most unusual experience because I haven’t done it in my life before this. But when I interact with other sisters, I feel relieved as all of them are like me. It is their first experience as well.

3. The participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement also raises the status of women in the Indian society.

4. It put them in equal importance with Indian men.

5. Al though there occurs not much change in the domestic lives of women, but the contribution made through participation in the movement, itself is one of the most significant incidents for the Indian women.

Q.4  Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?

1. Political leaders represented the different classes and communities of Indian society.

2. For example, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar leaded “oppressed classes” or Dalits of India. Similarly, M.A. Jinnah represented muslim social group of Indians.

3. These leaders wanted to uplift the status of their followers, by securing some special political rights by securing separate electorates for them.

4. But Congress Party, especially Gandhi believed that separate electorates would adversely affect the unity of India.

5. He was against it and took fast unto death a point of time. These were the reasons, why the political leaders differed sharply over the question of separate electroates.

Project

Q.5  Find out about the anti-colonial movement in Kenya. Compare and contrast India’s national movement with the ways in which Kenya became independent.

Fight for Freedom Kenya : –

1.  Jomo Kenyatta, a former water meter inspector with the Nairobi Municipal counoil, became the first propaganda secretary of the East African Association, and later the secretary general of the Kikuyu Central Association. In 1929, Kenyatta sailed to England to present the Association’s  case for freedom directly to the Colonial office, the British parliament and the people. The Carter L and Commission was convened in 1931 to adjudicate land interests and Kenyatta once again presented evidence supporting the Association’s cause. The findings of the commission only served to widen the gulf between Africans and Europeans, however, for it marked out permanent barriers between the white – owned farms and the African Land Units or ‘reserves’. These boundries became law five years later As a result, the number of political groups demanding greater African participation increased dramatically. The colonial government quickly squelched this mobilization effort by banning all African political associations in 1940.

2. World War II only increased African discontent as Kenyans fought side by side with their colonial masters. During the five year conflict Africans were exposed to many new influences and developed an awareness that the white man was far from invincible. Empowered by this new outlook, African veterans went home to Kenya with the realization that a return to the status- quo was impossible. As discontent grew, the tide of freedom swept across Africa.

3. Jomo Kenyatta continued as a vocal leader in the African quest freedom. In 1946, he returned from his years in exile to unite the various African political and ethnic factions for Kenyatta assumed leadership on the Kenya African Union (KAU) and gave a common voice to the disparate groups. The attitude of the colonial authrorites hardened as the KAU grew in number and intensity. Police suppressed KAU strikes by firing on protesters and the groundwork was laid for the freedom fight.

4. Early in 1952, the Kenya Citizens Association was formed in an effort to promote change based on persuasion and compromise rather than confrontation and violence.

5. Violence erupted on October 20, 1952 as the Mau Mau protested the midnight arrest of Jomo Kenyatta and five colleagues. Many innocent victims were slain during the revolt including 97 so- called loyalists who were brutally murdered at the “Lari Massacre.” Sir Evelyn Baring accused Kenyatta of organizing the Mau Mau and subjected him to a rigged trial. The accused were all found guilty and sentenced to seven years of hard labour at a remote camp near Lake Turkana.

6. The Mau Mau rebellion continued until 1956. During the three years of civil war, over 30,000 men, women, and children were imprisoned in concentration camps, many losing their homes and their land as a result. Another 13,500 Africans and little over 100 Europeans were killed. The colonial government finally conceded some political power to the Africans with limited representation in the Legislative Council. Kenyatta was sentenced to two more years of prison, but was elected president “in absentia” of the Kenya African National Union , or KANU.

7. The Birth of a Nation : General elections were held for the first time in February 1961. KANU received more votes, but refused to participate in government until Kenyatta was released. Kenyatta was finally released in August 1961. The  first universal elections in the country took place in May 1963,  with an overwhelming victory for Kenyatta became the first Prime Minister of Kenya, Independence became a reality for Kenya on December 12, 1963.

Kenya Vs India :

1. The anti- colonial movement in Kenya was totally opposite of the anti- colonial movement in India. The Indian freedom fight was led by Mahatama Gandhi, who showed the path of satyagraha. The Freedom struggle was based on non- violence and truth. He mobilized Indians on his own principles. And he was very very successful in his ways.

2. One of the major drawbacks of anti-colonial fight in India was that of communal violence. Hindu and Muslims were divided on the question of regional political power sharing. This ultimately resulted into communal riots in India. And on the eve of independence, India was divided into two nation- states namely Pakistanand Hindustan. This was not the case in the anti- colonial freedom struggle of Kenya. These are some of the major contrasts between the freedom fights of Kenya and India.

Additional Questions

Short a Answer Type Questions (30 Words)

Q.1  Which tax was introduced during the First World War? How was the war cost met?

1. To meet war cost, custom duties were increased.

2. Income tax was introduced during the First World War in Britain.

Q.2  What happened during 1918 to 1921 which cost millions of life?

During this period, crops failed in many parts of India resulting in acute shortage of food. This was followed by an influenze epidemic 12-13 million people died as a result fo famines and the epidemic.

Short Answer Type Questions (60-80 Words)

Q.3  What did Mahatma Gandhi do immediately after his arrival in India?                       

Mahatma Gandhi after his arrival in India, organized three small but important satyagraphas. These were as under:

1. 1916 : He organized Champaran satyagrapha in Bihar. It was against the oppressive plantation system.

2. 1917 : He organized Satyagrapha to support the peasants of Kheda istrict of Gujarat.

3. 1918 : Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organize a Satyagrapha movement amongst cotton mill workers.

Q.4  What was the plan of Gandhi to launch Non- Cooperation Movement?

Gandhi proposed that :

1. Non- Cooperation movement should unfold in stages.

2. First of all, titles awarded by the government should be surrendered.

3. Secondly, Indians should boycott civil services army, police courts, legislative councils, schools and foreign goods.

4. In case government used repression, a full civil disobedience movement should be launched.

Long Answer Type Question (100-125 Words)

Q.5  Write a note on Alluri sitaram Raju.

1. Alluri Sitaram Raju was a tribal leader in Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh.

2. He claimed to have special power to make correct astrological alculations and heal people, and he could survive even bullet shots. Rebells considered him as incarnation of God.

3. As inspired by Gandhi and Non-Cooperation movement, Raju asked people to wear khadi and give up drinking.

4. He also believed that British could be eradicated only by force. Therefore, rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving ‘Swaraj’

5. Raju was captured and executed in 1924, and over time he became a folk hero.

Q.6  What did the radical leaders do for the freedom struggle of India?

Radical leaders of Congress were young Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose. They were dissatisfied by the ways moderates and liberals in Congress worked. Radical group believed in action instead of thinking. They had following programmes for the freedom struggle:

1. On December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru the Lahore Congress finalized the demand for “Purna Swaraj” or full independence for India.

2. It was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for the complete independence.