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      Class 12 PHYSICS – JEE

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      • Class 12
      • Class 12 PHYSICS – JEE
      CoursesClass 12PhysicsClass 12 PHYSICS – JEE
      • 1.Electrostatics (1)
        8
        • Lecture1.1
          Charge, Coulombs Law and Coulombs law in Vector form 41 min
        • Lecture1.2
          Electric Field; Electric Field Lines; Field lines due to multiple charges 42 min
        • Lecture1.3
          Charge Distribution; Finding Electric Field due to Different Object 01 hour
        • Lecture1.4
          Solid angle; Area Vector; Electric Flux; Flux of closed surface; Gauss Law 47 min
        • Lecture1.5
          Finding E Using Concept of Gauss law and Flux 01 hour
        • Lecture1.6
          Chapter Notes – Electrostatics (1)
        • Lecture1.7
          NCERT Solutions – Electrostatics
        • Lecture1.8
          Revision Notes Electrostatics
      • 2.Electrostatics (2)
        7
        • Lecture2.1
          Work done by Electrostatic Force; Work done by man in E-Field; Electrostatic Potential Energy 49 min
        • Lecture2.2
          Finding Electric Potential, Equipotential Surface and Motion in Electric Field 01 hour
        • Lecture2.3
          Electric Dipole and Dipole in Uniform and Non-uniform Electric field 01 hour
        • Lecture2.4
          Analysis of charge on conductors; Potential due to induced charge 58 min
        • Lecture2.5
          Conductors with cavity- Case 1: Empty cavity, Case 2: Charge Inside Cavity 41 min
        • Lecture2.6
          Connecting Two Conductors; Grounding of conductor; Electric field just outside conductor; Electrostatic pressure; Self potential Energy 54 min
        • Lecture2.7
          Chapter Notes – Electrostatics (2)
      • 3.Current Electricity (1)
        9
        • Lecture3.1
          Current, Motion of Electrons in Conductor; Temp. Dependence of Resistor 26 min
        • Lecture3.2
          Circuit Theory and Kirchoffs Laws 31 min
        • Lecture3.3
          Some Special Circuits- Series & Parallel Circuits, Open Circuit, Short Circuit 26 min
        • Lecture3.4
          Wheatstone Bridge, Current Antisymmetric 21 min
        • Lecture3.5
          Equivalent Resistance- Series and parallel, Equipotential Points, Wheatstone Bridge 25 min
        • Lecture3.6
          Current Antisymmetric, Infinite Ladder, Circuit Solving, 3D circuits 20 min
        • Lecture3.7
          Chapter Notes – Current Electricity
        • Lecture3.8
          NCERT Solutions – Current Electricity
        • Lecture3.9
          Revision Notes Current Electricity
      • 4.Current Electricity (2)
        4
        • Lecture4.1
          Heating Effect of Current; Rating of Bulb; Fuse 19 min
        • Lecture4.2
          Battery, Maximum power theorem; Ohmic and Non Ohmic Resistance; Superconductor 31 min
        • Lecture4.3
          Galvanometer; Ammeter & Voltmeter and Their Making 44 min
        • Lecture4.4
          Potentiometer and its applications ; Meter Bridge; Post Office Box; Colour Code of Resistors 32 min
      • 5.Capacitor
        6
        • Lecture5.1
          Capacitor and Capacitance; Energy in Capacitor 38 min
        • Lecture5.2
          Capacitive Circuits- Kirchoff’s Laws; Heat Production 01 hour
        • Lecture5.3
          Equivalent Capacitance; Charge on both sides of cap. Plate 52 min
        • Lecture5.4
          Dielectric Strength; Polar and Non-Polar Dielectric; Equivalent Cap. with Dielectric 01 hour
        • Lecture5.5
          Inserting and Removing Dielectric- Work (Fringing Effect), Force; Force between plates of capacitor 38 min
        • Lecture5.6
          Revision Notes Capacitor
      • 6.RC Circuits
        3
        • Lecture6.1
          Maths Needed for RC Circuits, RC circuits-Charging Circuit 19 min
        • Lecture6.2
          RC circuits-Discharging Circuit, Initial & Steady State, Final (Steady) State, Internal Resistance of Capacitor 44 min
        • Lecture6.3
          Revision Notes RC Circuits
      • 7.Magnetism and Moving Charge
        16
        • Lecture7.1
          Introduction, Vector Product, Force Applied by Magnetic Field, Lorentz Force, Velocity Selector 40 min
        • Lecture7.2
          Motion of Charged Particles in Uniform Magnetic Field 40 min
        • Lecture7.3
          Cases of Motion of Charged Particles in Uniform Magnetic Field 56 min
        • Lecture7.4
          Force on a Current Carrying Wire on Uniform B and its Cases, Questions and Solutions 59 min
        • Lecture7.5
          Magnetic Field on Axis of Circular Loop, Magnetic field due to Moving Charge, Magnetic Field due to Current 52 min
        • Lecture7.6
          Magnetic Field due to Straight Wire, Different Methods 40 min
        • Lecture7.7
          Magnetic Field due to Rotating Ring and Spiral 41 min
        • Lecture7.8
          Force between Two Current Carrying Wires 36 min
        • Lecture7.9
          Force between Two Current Carrying Wires 58 min
        • Lecture7.10
          Miscellaneous Questions 55 min
        • Lecture7.11
          Solenoid, Toroid, Magnetic Dipole, Magnetic Dipole Momentum, Magnetic Field of Dipole 54 min
        • Lecture7.12
          Magnetic Dipole in Uniform Magnetic Field, Moving Coil Galvanometer, Torsional Pendulum 01 hour
        • Lecture7.13
          Advanced Questions, Magnetic Dipole and Angular Momentum 56 min
        • Lecture7.14
          Chapter Notes – Magnetism and Moving Charge
        • Lecture7.15
          NCERT Solutions – Magnetism and Moving Charge
        • Lecture7.16
          Revision Notes Magnetism and Moving Charge
      • 8.Magnetism and Matter
        10
        • Lecture8.1
          Magnetic Dipole, Magnetic Properties of Matter, Diamagnetism; Domain Theory of Ferro 47 min
        • Lecture8.2
          Magnetic Properties of Matter in Detail 39 min
        • Lecture8.3
          Magnetization and Magnetic Intensity, Meissner Effect, Variation of Magnetization with Temperature 55 min
        • Lecture8.4
          Hysteresis, Permanent Magnet, Properties of Ferro for Permanent Magnet, Electromagnet 31 min
        • Lecture8.5
          Magnetic Compass, Earth’s Magnetic Field 20 min
        • Lecture8.6
          Bar Magnet, Bar Magnet in Uniform Field 49 min
        • Lecture8.7
          Magnetic Poles, Magnetic Field Lines, Magnetism and Gauss’s Law 32 min
        • Lecture8.8
          Chapter Notes – Magnetism and Matter
        • Lecture8.9
          NCERT Solutions – Magnetism and Matter
        • Lecture8.10
          Revision Notes Magnetism and Matter
      • 9.Electromagnetic Induction
        14
        • Lecture9.1
          Introduction, Magnetic Flux, Motional EMF 01 min
        • Lecture9.2
          Induced Electric Field, Faraday’s Law, Comparison between Electrostatic Electric Field and Induced Electric Field 43 min
        • Lecture9.3
          Induced Current; Faraday’s Law ; Lenz’s Law 56 min
        • Lecture9.4
          Faraday’s Law and its Cases 50 min
        • Lecture9.5
          Advanced Questions on Faraday’s Law 37 min
        • Lecture9.6
          Cases of Current Electricity 59 min
        • Lecture9.7
          Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy, Eddy Current, AC Generator, Motor 01 hour
        • Lecture9.8
          Mutual Induction 53 min
        • Lecture9.9
          Self Inductance, Energy in an Inductor 34 min
        • Lecture9.10
          LR Circuit, Decay Circuit 01 hour
        • Lecture9.11
          Initial and Final Analysis of LR Circuit 38 min
        • Lecture9.12
          Chapter Notes – Electromagnetic Induction
        • Lecture9.13
          NCERT Solutions – Electromagnetic Induction
        • Lecture9.14
          Revision Notes Electromagnetic Induction
      • 10.Alternating Current Circuit
        8
        • Lecture10.1
          Introduction, AC/DC Sources, Basic AC Circuits, Average & RMS Value 46 min
        • Lecture10.2
          Phasor Method, Rotating Vector, Adding Phasors, RC Circuit 35 min
        • Lecture10.3
          Examples and Solutions 21 min
        • Lecture10.4
          Power in AC Circuit, Resonance Frequency, Bandwidth and Quality Factor, Transformer 51 min
        • Lecture10.5
          LC Oscillator, Question and Solutions of LC Oscillator, Damped LC Oscillator 53 min
        • Lecture10.6
          Chapter Notes – Alternating Current Circuit
        • Lecture10.7
          NCERT Solutions – Alternating Current Circuit
        • Lecture10.8
          Revision Notes Alternating Current Circuit
      • 11.Electromagnetic Waves
        4
        • Lecture11.1
          Displacement Current; Ampere Maxwell Law 14 min
        • Lecture11.2
          EM Waves; EM Spectrum; Green House Effect; Ozone Layer 36 min
        • Lecture11.3
          Chapter Notes – Electromagnetic Waves
        • Lecture11.4
          Revision Notes Electromagnetic Waves
      • 12.Photoelectric Effect
        5
        • Lecture12.1
          Recalling Basics; Photoelectric Effect 50 min
        • Lecture12.2
          Photo-electric Cell 35 min
        • Lecture12.3
          Photon Flux; Photon Density; Momentum of Photon; Radiation Pressure- Full Absorption, Full Reflection; Dual nature 52 min
        • Lecture12.4
          Chapter Notes – Photoelectric Effect
        • Lecture12.5
          Revision Notes Photoelectric Effect
      • 13.Ray Optics (Part 1)
        12
        • Lecture13.1
          Rays and Beam of Light, Reflection of Light, Angle of Deviation, Image Formation by Plane Mirror 01 hour
        • Lecture13.2
          Field of View, Numerical on Field of Line, Size of Mirror 42 min
        • Lecture13.3
          Curved Mirrors, Terms Related to Curved Mirror, Reflection of Light by Curved Mirror 40 min
        • Lecture13.4
          Image Formation by Concave Mirror, Magnification or Lateral or Transverse Magnification 01 hour
        • Lecture13.5
          Ray Diagrams for Concave Mirror 45 min
        • Lecture13.6
          Image Formation by Convex Mirror; Derivations of Various Formulae used in Concave Mirror and Convex Mirror 01 hour
        • Lecture13.7
          Advanced Optical Systems, Formation of Images with more than one Mirror 24 min
        • Lecture13.8
          Concept of Virtual Object, Formation of Image when Incident ray are Converging, Image Characteristics for Virtual Object, 55 min
        • Lecture13.9
          Newton’s Formula, Longitudinal Magnification 23 min
        • Lecture13.10
          Formation of Image when Two Plane Mirrors kept at an angle and parallel; Formation of Image by two Parallel Mirrors. 43 min
        • Lecture13.11
          Chapter Notes – Ray Optics
        • Lecture13.12
          NCERT Solutions – Ray Optics
      • 14.Ray Optics (Part 2)
        13
        • Lecture14.1
          Refractive Index, Opaque, Transparent, Speed of Light, Relative Refractive Index, Refraction and Snell’s Law, Refraction in Denser and Rarer Medium 42 min
        • Lecture14.2
          Image Formation due to Refraction; Derivation; Refraction and Image formation in Glass Slab 57 min
        • Lecture14.3
          Total Internal Reflection, Critical Angle, Principle of Reversibility 01 hour
        • Lecture14.4
          Application of Total Internal Reflection 45 min
        • Lecture14.5
          Refraction at Curved Surface, Image Formation by Curved Surface, Derivation 56 min
        • Lecture14.6
          Image Formation by Curved Surface, Snell’s Law in Vector Form 01 hour
        • Lecture14.7
          Lens, Various types of Lens, Differentiating between various Lenses; Optical Centre, Derivation of Lens Maker Formula 01 hour
        • Lecture14.8
          Lens Formula, Questions and Answers 39 min
        • Lecture14.9
          Property of Image by Convex and Concave Lens; Lens Location, Minimum Distance Between Real Image and Object 01 hour
        • Lecture14.10
          Power of Lens, Combination of Lens, Autocollimation 35 min
        • Lecture14.11
          Silvering of Lens 44 min
        • Lecture14.12
          Cutting of Lens and Mirror, Vertical Cutting, Horizontal Cutting 49 min
        • Lecture14.13
          Newton’s Law for Lens and Virtual Object 01 hour
      • 15.Ray Optics (Part 3)
        6
        • Lecture15.1
          Prism, Angle of Prism, Reversibility in Prism 51 min
        • Lecture15.2
          Deviation in Prism, Minimum and Maximum Deviation, Asymmetric, Thin Prism, Proof for formula of Thin Prism 59 min
        • Lecture15.3
          Dispersion of Light, Refractive Index, Composition of Light, Dispersion through Prism 01 hour
        • Lecture15.4
          Rainbow Formation, Scattering of Light, Tyndall Effect, Defects of Image, Spherical Defect, Chromatic Defect, Achromatism. 57 min
        • Lecture15.5
          Optical Instruments, The Human Eye, Defects of Eye and its Corrections 01 hour
        • Lecture15.6
          Microscope & Telescope 02 hour
      • 16.Wave Optics
        21
        • Lecture16.1
          Introduction to Wave Optics 11 min
        • Lecture16.2
          Huygens Wave Theory 14 min
        • Lecture16.3
          Huygens Theory of Secondary Wavelets 10 min
        • Lecture16.4
          Law of Reflection by Huygens Theory 10 min
        • Lecture16.5
          Deriving Laws of Refraction by Huygens Wave Theory 10 min
        • Lecture16.6
          Multiple Answer type question on Huygens Theory 41 min
        • Lecture16.7
          Conditions of Constructive and Destructive Interference 22 min
        • Lecture16.8
          Conditions of Constructive and Destructive Interference 06 min
        • Lecture16.9
          Conditions of Constructive and Destructive Interference 23 min
        • Lecture16.10
          Incoherent Sources of Light 38 min
        • Lecture16.11
          Youngs Double Slit Experiment 12 min
        • Lecture16.12
          Fringe Width Positions of Bright and Dark Fringes 15 min
        • Lecture16.13
          Numerical problems on Youngs Double Slit Experiment 11 min
        • Lecture16.14
          Numerical problems on Youngs Double Slit Experiment 19 min
        • Lecture16.15
          Displacement of Interference Pattern 19 min
        • Lecture16.16
          Numerical problems on Displacement of Interference Pattern 28 min
        • Lecture16.17
          Shapes of Fringes 37 min
        • Lecture16.18
          Colour of Thin Films 59 min
        • Lecture16.19
          Interference with White Light 32 min
        • Lecture16.20
          Chapter Notes – Wave Optics
        • Lecture16.21
          NCERT Solutions – Wave Optics
      • 17.Atomic Structure
        6
        • Lecture17.1
          Thomson and Rutherford Model of Atom; Trajectory of Alpha particle; Bohr’s Model ; Hydrogen Like Atom; Energy Levels 58 min
        • Lecture17.2
          Emission Spectra, Absorption Spectra; De Broglie Explanation of Bohr’s 2nd Postulate; Limitations of Bohr’s Model 37 min
        • Lecture17.3
          Momentum Conservation in Photon Emission, Motion of Nucleus, Atomic Collision 58 min
        • Lecture17.4
          Chapter Notes – Atomic Structure
        • Lecture17.5
          NCERT Solutions – Atomic Structure
        • Lecture17.6
          Revision Notes Atomic Structure
      • 18.Nucleus
        6
        • Lecture18.1
          Basics- Size of Nucleus, Nuclear Force, Binding Energy, Mass Defect; Radioactive Decay 01 hour
        • Lecture18.2
          Laws of Radioactive Decay 36 min
        • Lecture18.3
          Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Reactor; Nuclear Fusion- Reaction Inside Sun 30 min
        • Lecture18.4
          Chapter Notes – Nucleus
        • Lecture18.5
          NCERT Solutions – Nucleus
        • Lecture18.6
          Revision Notes Nucleus
      • 19.X-Ray
        4
        • Lecture19.1
          Electromagnetic Spectrum, Thermionic Emission; Coolidge Tube – Process 1 22 min
        • Lecture19.2
          Coolidge Tube – Process 2; Moseley’s Law; Absorption of X-rays in Heavy Metal 39 min
        • Lecture19.3
          Chapter Notes – X-Ray
        • Lecture19.4
          Revision Notes X-Ray
      • 20.Error and Measurement
        2
        • Lecture20.1
          Least Count of Instruments; Mathematical Operation on Data with Random Error 18 min
        • Lecture20.2
          Significant Digits; Significant Digits and Mathematical Operations 30 min
      • 21.Semiconductors
        9
        • Lecture21.1
          Conductor, Semiconductors and Insulators Basics Difference, Energy Band Theory, Si element 21 min
        • Lecture21.2
          Doping and PN Junction 01 hour
        • Lecture21.3
          Diode and Diode as Rectifier 01 hour
        • Lecture21.4
          Voltage Regulator and Zener Diode and Optoelectronic Jn. Devices 01 hour
        • Lecture21.5
          Transistor, pnp, npn, Modes of operation, Input and Output Characteristics, , Current Amplification Factor 01 hour
        • Lecture21.6
          Transistor as Amplifier, Transistor as Switch, Transistor as Oscillator, Digital Gates 01 hour
        • Lecture21.7
          Chapter Notes – Semiconductors
        • Lecture21.8
          NCERT Solutions – Semiconductors
        • Lecture21.9
          Revision Notes Semiconductors
      • 22.Communication Systems
        5
        • Lecture22.1
          Basic working and terms; Antenna; Modulation and Types of Modulation 32 min
        • Lecture22.2
          Amplification Modulation, Transmitter, Receiver, Modulation index 40 min
        • Lecture22.3
          Chapter Notes – Communication Systems
        • Lecture22.4
          NCERT Solutions – Communication Systems
        • Lecture22.5
          Revision Notes Communication Systems

        NCERT Solutions – Atomic Structure

        12.1. Choose the correct alternative from the clues given at the end of the each statement:

        (a) The size of the atom in Thomson’s model is ………. the atomic size in Rutherford’s model. (much greater than/no different from/much less than.)

        (b) In the ground state of ………. electrons are in stable equilibrium, while in ………. electrons always experience a net force.

        (Thomson’s model/ Rutherford’s model.)

        (c) A classical atom based on ………. is doomed to collapse.

        (Thomson’s model/ Rutherford’s model.)

        (d) An atom has a nearly continuous mass distribution in a ………. but has a highly non-uniform mass distribution in ……….

        (Thomson’s model/ Rutherford’s model.)

        (e) The positively charged part of the atom possesses most of the mass in ………. (Rutherford’s model/both the models.)

        Answer

        (a) The sizes of the atoms taken in Thomson’s model and Rutherford’s model have the same order of magnitude.

        (b) In the ground state of Thomson’s model, the electrons are in stable equilibrium. However, in Rutherford’s model, the electrons always experience a net force.

        (c) A classical atom based on Rutherford’s model is doomed to collapse.

        (d) An atom has a nearly continuous mass distribution in Thomson’s model, but has a highly non-uniform mass distribution in Rutherford’s model.

        (e) The positively charged part of the atom possesses most of the mass in both the models.

        12.2. Suppose you are given a chance to repeat the alpha-particle scattering experiment using a thin sheet of solid hydrogen in place of the gold foil. (Hydrogen is a solid at temperatures below 14 K.) What results do you expect?

        Answer

        In the alpha-particle scattering experiment, if a thin sheet of solid hydrogen is used in place of a gold foil, then the scattering angle would not be large enough. This is because the mass of hydrogen (1.67 × 10−27 kg) is less than the mass of incident α−particles (6.64 × 10−27 kg). Thus, the mass of the scattering particle is more than the target nucleus (hydrogen). As a result, the α−particles would not bounce back if solid hydrogen is used in the α-particle scattering experiment.

         

        12.3. What is the shortest wavelength present in the Paschen series of spectral lines?

        Answer

        Rydberg’s formula is given as:

        Where,

        h = Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10−34 Js

        c = Speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s

        (n1 and n2 are integers)

        The shortest wavelength present in the Paschen series of the spectral lines is given for values n1 = 3 and n2 = ∞.

        12.4. A difference of 2.3 eV separates two energy levels in an atom. What is the frequency of radiation emitted when the atom makes a transition from the upper level to the lower level?

        Answer

        Separation of two energy levels in an atom,

        E = 2.3 eV

        = 2.3 × 1.6 × 10−19

        = 3.68 × 10−19 J

        Let ν be the frequency of radiation emitted when the atom transits from the upper level to the lower level.

        We have the relation for energy as:

        E = hv

        Where,

        h = Planck’s constant

        Hence, the frequency of the radiation is 5.6 × 1014 Hz.

        12.5. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is −13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and potential energies of the electron in this state?

        Answer

        Ground state energy of hydrogen atom, E = − 13.6 eV

        This is the total energy of a hydrogen atom. Kinetic energy is equal to the negative of the total energy.

        Kinetic energy = − E = − (− 13.6) = 13.6 eV

        Potential energy is equal to the negative of two times of kinetic energy.

        Potential energy = − 2 × (13.6) = − 27 .2 eV

        12.6. A hydrogen atom initially in the ground level absorbs a photon, which excites it to the n = 4 level. Determine the wavelength and frequency of the photon.

        Answer

        For ground level, n1 = 1

        Let E1 be the energy of this level. It is known that E1 is related with n1 as:

        The atom is excited to a higher level, n2 = 4.

        Let E2 be the energy of this level.

        The amount of energy absorbed by the photon is given as:

        E = E2 − E1

        For a photon of wavelengthλ, the expression of energy is written as:

        Where,

        h = Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10−34 Js

        c = Speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s

        And, frequency of a photon is given by the relation,

        Hence, the wavelength of the photon is 97 nm while the frequency is 3.1 × 1015 Hz.

        12.7. (a) Using the Bohr’s model calculate the speed of the electron in a hydrogen atom in the n = 1, 2, and 3 levels. (b) Calculate the orbital period in each of these levels.

        Answer

        (a) Let ν1 be the orbital speed of the electron in a hydrogen atom in the ground state level, n1 = 1. For charge (e) of an electron, ν1 is given by the relation,

        Where,

        e = 1.6 × 10−19 C

        ∈0 = Permittivity of free space = 8.85 × 10−12 N−1 C2 m−2

        h = Planck’s constant = 6.62 × 10−34 Js

        For level n2 = 2, we can write the relation for the corresponding orbital speed as:

        And, for n3 = 3, we can write the relation for the corresponding orbital speed as:

        Hence, the speed of the electron in a hydrogen atom in n = 1, n=2, and n=3 is 2.18 × 106 m/s, 1.09 × 106 m/s, 7.27 × 105 m/s respectively.

        (b) Let T1 be the orbital period of the electron when it is in level n1 = 1.

        Orbital period is related to orbital speed as:

        Where,

        r1 = Radius of the orbit

        h = Planck’s constant = 6.62 × 10−34 Js

        e = Charge on an electron = 1.6 × 10−19 C

        ∈0 = Permittivity of free space = 8.85 × 10−12 N−1 C2 m−2

        m = Mass of an electron = 9.1 × 10−31 kg

        For level n2 = 2, we can write the period as:

        Where,

        r2 = Radius of the electron in n2 = 2

        And, for level n3 = 3, we can write the period as:

        Where,

        r3 = Radius of the electron in n3 = 3

        Hence, the orbital period in each of these levels is 1.52 × 10−16 s, 1.22 × 10−15 s, and 4.12 × 10−15 s respectively.

        12.8. The radius of the innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3 ×10−11 m. What are the radii of the n = 2 and n =3 orbits?

        Answer

        The radius of the innermost orbit of a hydrogen atom, r1 = 5.3 × 10−11 m.

        Let r2 be the radius of the orbit at n = 2. It is related to the radius of the innermost orbit as:

        For n = 3, we can write the corresponding electron radius as:

        Hence, the radii of an electron for n = 2 and n = 3 orbits are 2.12 × 10−10 m and 4.77 × 10−10 m respectively.

        12.9. A 12.5 eV electron beam is used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at room temperature. What series of wavelengths will be emitted?

        Answer

        It is given that the energy of the electron beam used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at room temperature is 12.5 eV. Also, the energy of the gaseous hydrogen in its ground state at room temperature is −13.6 eV.

        When gaseous hydrogen is bombarded with an electron beam, the energy of the gaseous hydrogen becomes −13.6 + 12.5 eV i.e., −1.1 eV.

        Orbital energy is related to orbit level (n) as:

        For n = 3, 

        This energy is approximately equal to the energy of gaseous hydrogen. It can be concluded that the electron has jumped from n = 1 to n = 3 level.

        During its de-excitation, the electrons can jump from n = 3 to n = 1 directly, which forms a line of the Lyman series of the hydrogen spectrum.

        We have the relation for wave number for Lyman series as:

        Where,

        Ry = Rydberg constant = 1.097 × 107 m−1

        λ= Wavelength of radiation emitted by the transition of the electron

        For n = 3, we can obtain λas:

        If the electron jumps from n = 2 to n = 1, then the wavelength of the radiation is given as:

        If the transition takes place from n = 3 to n = 2, then the wavelength of the radiation is given as:

        This radiation corresponds to the Balmer series of the hydrogen spectrum.

        Hence, in Lyman series, two wavelengths i.e., 102.5 nm and 121.5 nm are emitted. And in the Balmer series, one wavelength i.e., 656.33 nm is emitted.

        12.10. In accordance with the Bohr’s model, find the quantum number that characterises the earth’s revolution around the sun in an orbit of radius 1.5 × 1011 m with orbital speed 3 × 104 m/s. (Mass of earth = 6.0 × 1024 kg.)

        Answer

        Radius of the orbit of the Earth around the Sun, r = 1.5 × 1011 m

        Orbital speed of the Earth, ν = 3 × 104 m/s

        Mass of the Earth, m = 6.0 × 1024 kg

        According to Bohr’s model, angular momentum is quantized and given as:

        Where,

        h = Planck’s constant = 6.62 × 10−34 Js

        n = Quantum number

        Hence, the quanta number that characterizes the Earth’ revolution is 2.6 × 1074.

        12.11. Answer the following questions, which help you understand the difference between Thomson’s model and Rutherford’s model better.

        (a) Is the average angle of deflection of α­-particles by a thin gold foil predicted by Thomson’s model much less, about the same, or much greater than that predicted by Rutherford’s model?

        (b) Is the probability of backward scattering (i.e., scattering of α-particles at angles greater than 90°) predicted by Thomson’s model much less, about the same, or much greater than that predicted by Rutherford’s model?

        (c) Keeping other factors fixed, it is found experimentally that for small thickness t, the number of α-particles scattered at moderate angles is proportional to t. What clue does this linear dependence on t provide?

        (d) In which model is it completely wrong to ignore multiple scattering for the calculation of average angle of scattering of α-particles by a thin foil?

        Answer

        (a) about the same

        The average angle of deflection of α­-particles by a thin gold foil predicted by Thomson’s model is about the same size as predicted by Rutherford’s model. This is because the average angle was taken in both models.

        (b) much less

        The probability of scattering of α-particles at angles greater than 90° predicted by Thomson’s model is much less than that predicted by Rutherford’s model.

        (c) Scattering is mainly due to single collisions. The chances of a single collision increases linearly with the number of target atoms. Since the number of target atoms increase with an increase in thickness, the collision probability depends linearly on the thickness of the target.

        (d) Thomson’s model

        It is wrong to ignore multiple scattering in Thomson’s model for the calculation of average angle of scattering of α­−particles by a thin foil. This is because a single collision causes very little deflection in this model. Hence, the observed average scattering angle can be explained only by considering multiple scattering.

        12.12. The gravitational attraction between electron and proton in a hydrogen atom is weaker than the coulomb attraction by a factor of about 10−40. An alternative way of looking at this fact is to estimate the radius of the first Bohr orbit of a hydrogen atom if the electron and proton were bound by gravitational attraction. You will find the answer interesting.

        Answer

        Radius of the first Bohr orbit is given by the relation,

        Where,

        ∈0 = Permittivity of free space

        h = Planck’s constant = 6.63 × 10−34 Js

        me = Mass of an electron = 9.1 × 10−31 kg

        e = Charge of an electron = 1.9 × 10−19 C

        mp = Mass of a proton = 1.67 × 10−27 kg

        r = Distance between the electron and the proton

        Coulomb attraction between an electron and a proton is given as: 

        Gravitational force of attraction between an electron and a proton is given as:

        Where,

        G = Gravitational constant = 6.67 × 10−11 N m2/kg2

        If the electrostatic (Coulomb) force and the gravitational force between an electron and a proton are equal, then we can write:

        ∴FG = FC

        Putting the value of equation (4) in equation (1), we get:

        It is known that the universe is 156 billion light years wide or 1.5 × 1027 m wide. Hence, we can conclude that the radius of the first Bohr orbit is much greater than the estimated size of the whole universe.

        12.13. Obtain an expression for the frequency of radiation emitted when a hydrogen atom de-excites from level n to level (n−1). For large n, show that this frequency equals the classical frequency of revolution of the electron in the orbit.

        Answer

        It is given that a hydrogen atom de-excites from an upper level (n) to a lower level (n−1).

        We have the relation for energy (E1) of radiation at level n as:

        Now, the relation for energy (E2) of radiation at level (n − 1) is givenas: 

        Energy (E) released as a result of de-excitation:

        E = E2−E1

        hν = E2 − E1 … (iii)

        Where,

        ν = Frequency of radiation emitted

        Putting values from equations (i) and (ii) in equation (iii), we get:

        For large n, we can write

        Classical relation of frequency of revolution of an electron is given as: 

        Where,

        Velocity of the electron in the nth orbit is given as:

        v =

        And, radius of the nth orbit is given as:

        r = 

        Putting the values of equations (vi) and (vii) in equation (v), we get:

        Hence, the frequency of radiation emitted by the hydrogen atom is equal to its classical orbital frequency.

         

        12.14. Classically, an electron can be in any orbit around the nucleus of an atom. Then what determines the typical atomic size? Why is an atom not, say, thousand times bigger than its typical size? The question had greatly puzzled Bohr before he arrived at his famous model of the atom that you have learnt in the text. To simulate what he might well have done before his discovery, let us play as follows with the basic constants of nature and see if we can get a quantity with the dimensions of length that is roughly equal to the known size of an atom (~ 10−10 m).

        (a) Construct a quantity with the dimensions of length from the fundamental constants e, me, and c. Determine its numerical value.

        (b) You will find that the length obtained in (a) is many orders of magnitude smaller than the atomic dimensions. Further, it involves c. But energies of atoms are mostly in non-relativistic domain where c is not expected to play any role. This is what may have suggested Bohr to discard c and look for ‘something else’ to get the right atomic size. Now, the Planck’s constant h had already made its appearance elsewhere. Bohr’s great insight lay in recognising that h, me, and e will yield the right atomic size. Construct a quantity with the dimension of length from h, me, and e and confirm that its numerical value has indeed the correct order of magnitude.

        Answer

        (a) Charge on an electron, e = 1.6 × 10−19 C

        Mass of an electron, me = 9.1 × 10−31 kg

        Speed of light, c = 3 ×108 m/s

        Let us take a quantity involving the given quantities as 

        Where,

        ∈0 = Permittivity of free space

        And, 

        The numerical value of the taken quantity will be:

        Hence, the numerical value of the taken quantity is much smaller than the typical size of an atom.

        (b) Charge on an electron, e = 1.6 × 10−19 C

        Mass of an electron, me = 9.1 × 10−31 kg

        Planck’s constant, h = 6.63 ×10−34 Js

        Let us take a quantity involving the given quantities as 

        Where,

        ∈0 = Permittivity of free space

        And, 

        The numerical value of the taken quantity will be:

        Hence, the value of the quantity taken is of the order of the atomic size.

        12.15. The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of the hydrogen atom is about −3.4 eV.

        (a) What is the kinetic energy of the electron in this state?

        (b) What is the potential energy of the electron in this state?

        (c) Which of the answers above would change if the choice of the zero of potential energy is changed?

        Answer

        (a) Total energy of the electron, E = −3.4 eV

        Kinetic energy of the electron is equal to the negative of the total energy.

        K = −E

        = − (− 3.4) = +3.4 eV

        Hence, the kinetic energy of the electron in the given state is +3.4 eV.

        (b) Potential energy (U) of the electron is equal to the negative of twice of its kinetic energy.

        U = −2 K

        = − 2 × 3.4 = − 6.8 eV

        Hence, the potential energy of the electron in the given state is − 6.8 eV.

        (c) The potential energy of a system depends on the reference point taken. Here, the potential energy of the reference point is taken as zero. If the reference point is changed, then the value of the potential energy of the system also changes. Since total energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energies, total energy of the system will also change.

        12.16. If Bohr’s quantisation postulate (angular momentum = nh/2π) is a basic law of nature, it should be equally valid for the case of planetary motion also. Why then do we never speak of quantisation of orbits of planets around the sun?

        Answer

        We never speak of quantization of orbits of planets around the Sun because the angular momentum associated with planetary motion is largely relative to the value of Planck’s constant (h). The angular momentum of the Earth in its orbit is of the order of 1070h. This leads to a very high value of quantum levels n of the order of 1070. For large values of n, successive energies and angular momenta are relatively very small. Hence, the quantum levels for planetary motion are considered continuous.

        12.17. Obtain the first Bohr’s radius and the ground state energy of a muonic hydrogen atom [i.e., an atom in which a negatively charged muon (μ−) of mass about 207me orbits around a proton].

        Answer

        Mass of a negatively charged muon, 

        According to Bohr’s model,

        Bohr radius, 

        And, energy of a ground state electronic hydrogen atom,

        We have the value of the first Bohr orbit, 

        Let rμ be the radius of muonic hydrogen atom.

        At equilibrium, we can write the relation as:

        Hence, the value of the first Bohr radius of a muonic hydrogen atom is

        2.56 × 10−13 m.

        We have,

        Ee= − 13.6 eV

        Take the ratio of these energies as:

        Hence, the ground state energy of a muonic hydrogen atom is −2.81 keV.

        Prev Chapter Notes – Atomic Structure
        Next Revision Notes Atomic Structure

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