Answer

Size of the candle, h= 2.5 cm

Image size = h’

Object distance, u= −27 cm

Radius of curvature of the concave mirror, R= −36 cm

Focal length of the concave mirror, 

Image distance = v

The image distance can be obtained using the mirror formula:

Therefore, the screen should be placed 54 cm away from the mirror to obtain a sharp image.

The magnification of the image is given as:

The height of the candle’s image is 5 cm. The negative sign indicates that the image is inverted and real.

If the candle is moved closer to the mirror, then the screen will have to be moved away from the mirror in order to obtain the image.

Answer

Height of the needle, h₁ = 4.5 cm

Object distance, u = −12 cm

Focal length of the convex mirror, f = 15 cm

Image distance = v

The value of v can be obtained using the mirror formula:

Hence, the image of the needle is 6.7 cm away from the mirror. Also, it is on the other side of the mirror.

The image size is given by the magnification formula:

Hence, magnification of the image, 

The height of the image is 2.5 cm. The positive sign indicates that the image is erect, virtual, and diminished.

If the needle is moved farther from the mirror, the image will also move away from the mirror, and the size of the image will reduce gradually.

Answer

Actual depth of the needle in water, h₁ = 12.5 cm

Apparent depth of the needle in water, h₂ = 9.4 cm

Refractive index of water = μ

The value of μcan be obtained as follows:

Hence, the refractive index of water is about 1.33.

Water is replaced by a liquid of refractive index, 

The actual depth of the needle remains the same, but its apparent depth changes. Let y be the new apparent depth of the needle. Hence, we can write the relation:

Hence, the new apparent depth of the needle is 7.67 cm. It is less than h₂. Therefore, to focus the needle again, the microscope should be moved up.

∴Distance by which the microscope should be moved up = 9.4 − 7.67

= 1.73 cm

Answer

As per the given figure, for the glass − air interface:

Angle of incidence, i = 60°

Angle of refraction, r = 35°

The relative refractive index of glass with respect to air is given by Snell’s law as:

As per the given figure, for the air − water interface:

Angle of incidence, i = 60°

Angle of refraction, r = 47°

The relative refractive index of water with respect to air is given by Snell’s law as:

Using (1) and (2), the relative refractive index of glass with respect to water can be obtained as:

The following figure shows the situation involving the glass − water interface.

Angle of incidence, i = 45°

Angle of refraction = r

From Snell’s law, r can be calculated as:

Hence, the angle of refraction at the water − glass interface is 38.68°.

Answer

Actual depth of the bulb in water, d₁ = 80 cm = 0.8 m

Refractive index of water, 

The given situation is shown in the following figure:

Where,

i = Angle of incidence

r = Angle of refraction = 90°

Since the bulb is a point source, the emergent light can be considered as a circle of radius, 

Using Snell’ law, we can write the relation for the refractive index of water as:

Using the given figure, we have the relation:

∴R = tan 48.75° × 0.8 = 0.91 m

∴Area of the surface of water = πR² = π (0.91)² = 2.61 m²

Hence, the area of the surface of water through which the light from the bulb can emerge is approximately 2.61 m².

Answer

Angle of minimum deviation,  = 40°

Angle of the prism, A = 60°

Refractive index of water, µ = 1.33

Refractive index of the material of the prism = 

The angle of deviation is related to refractive indexas:

Hence, the refractive index of the material of the prism is 1.532.

Since the prism is placed in water, let be the new angle of minimum deviation for the same prism.

The refractive index of glass with respect to water is given by the relation:

Hence, the new minimum angle of deviation is 10.32°.

Answer

Refractive index of glass,

Focal length of the double-convex lens, f = 20 cm

Radius of curvature of one face of the lens = R₁

Radius of curvature of the other face of the lens = R₂

Radius of curvature of the double-convex lens = R

The value of R can be calculated as:

Hence, the radius of curvature of the double-convex lens is 22 cm.

Answer

In the given situation, the object is virtual and the image formed is real.

Object distance, u = +12 cm

(a) Focal length of the convex lens, f = 20 cm

Image distance = v

According to the lens formula, we have the relation:

Hence, the image is formed 7.5 cm away from the lens, toward its right.

(b) Focal length of the concave lens, f = −16 cm

Image distance = v

According to the lens formula, we have the relation:

Hence, the image is formed 48 cm away from the lens, toward its right.

Answer

Size of the object, h₁ = 3 cm

Object distance, u = −14 cm

Focal length of the concave lens, f = −21 cm

Image distance = v

According to the lens formula, we have the relation:

Hence, the image is formed on the other side of the lens, 8.4 cm away from it. The negative sign shows that the image is erect and virtual.

The magnification of the image is given as:

Hence, the height of the image is 1.8 cm.

If the object is moved further away from the lens, then the virtual image will move toward the focus of the lens, but not beyond it. The size of the image will decrease with the increase in the object distance.

Answer

Focal length of the convex lens, f₁ = 30 cm

Focal length of the concave lens, f₂ = −20 cm

Focal length of the system of lenses = f

The equivalent focal length of a system of two lenses in contact is given as:

Hence, the focal length of the combination of lenses is 60 cm. The negative sign indicates that the system of lenses acts as a diverging lens.

Answer

Focal length of the objective lens, f₁ = 2.0 cm

Focal length of the eyepiece, f₂ = 6.25 cm

Distance between the objective lens and the eyepiece, d = 15 cm

(a) Least distance of distinct vision, 

∴Image distance for the eyepiece, v₂ = −25 cm

Object distance for the eyepiece = u₂

According to the lens formula, we have the relation:

Image distance for the objective lens,

Object distance for the objective lens = u₁

According to the lens formula, we have the relation:

Magnitude of the object distance,  = 2.5 cm

The magnifying power of a compound microscope is given by the relation:

Hence, the magnifying power of the microscope is 20.

(b) The final image is formed at infinity.

∴Image distance for the eyepiece,

Object distance for the eyepiece = u₂

According to the lens formula, we have the relation:

Image distance for the objective lens,

Object distance for the objective lens = u₁

According to the lens formula, we have the relation:

Magnitude of the object distance,  = 2.59 cm

The magnifying power of a compound microscope is given by the relation:

Hence, the magnifying power of the microscope is 13.51.

Answer

Focal length of the objective lens, f_o = 8 mm = 0.8 cm

Focal length of the eyepiece, f_e = 2.5 cm

Object distance for the objective lens, u_o = −9.0 mm = −0.9 cm

Least distance of distant vision, d = 25 cm

Image distance for the eyepiece, v_e = −d = −25 cm

Object distance for the eyepiece = 

Using the lens formula, we can obtain the value ofas:

We can also obtain the value of the image distance for the objective lens using the lens formula.

The distance between the objective lens and the eyepiece

The magnifying power of the microscope is calculated as:

Hence, the magnifying power of the microscope is 88.

Answer

Focal length of the objective lens, f_o = 144 cm

Focal length of the eyepiece, f_e = 6.0 cm

The magnifying power of the telescope is given as:

The separation between the objective lens and the eyepiece is calculated as:

Hence, the magnifying power of the telescope is 24 and the separation between the objective lens and the eyepiece is 150 cm.

Answer

Focal length of the objective lens, f_o = 15 m = 15 × 10² cm

Focal length of the eyepiece, f_e = 1.0 cm

(a) The angular magnification of a telescope is given as:

Hence, the angular magnification of the given refracting telescope is 1500.

(b) Diameter of the moon, d = 3.48 × 10⁶ m

Radius of the lunar orbit, r₀ = 3.8 × 10⁸ m

Let be the diameter of the image of the moon formed by the objective lens.

The angle subtended by the diameter of the moon is equal to the angle subtended by the image.

Hence, the diameter of the moon’s image formed by the objective lens is 13.74 cm

Answer

(a) For a concave mirror, the focal length (f) is negative.

∴f < 0

When the object is placed on the left side of the mirror, the object distance (u) is negative.

∴u < 0

For image distance v, we can write the lens formula as:

The object lies between f and 2f.

Using equation (1), we get:

∴ is negative, i.e., v is negative.

Therefore, the image lies beyond 2f.

(b) For a convex mirror, the focal length (f) is positive.

∴ f > 0

When the object is placed on the left side of the mirror, the object distance (u) is negative.

∴ u < 0

For image distance v, we have the mirror formula:

Thus, the image is formed on the back side of the mirror.

Hence, a convex mirror always produces a virtual image, regardless of the object distance.

(c) For a convex mirror, the focal length (f) is positive.

∴f > 0

When the object is placed on the left side of the mirror, the object distance (u) is negative,

∴u < 0

For image distance v, we have the mirror formula:

Hence, the image formed is diminished and is located between the focus (f) and the pole.

(d) For a concave mirror, the focal length (f) is negative.

∴f < 0

When the object is placed on the left side of the mirror, the object distance (u) is negative.

∴u < 0

It is placed between the focus (f) and the pole.

For image distance v, we have the mirror formula:

The image is formed on the right side of the mirror. Hence, it is a virtual image.

For u < 0 and v > 0, we can write:

Magnification, m > 1

Hence, the formed image is enlarged.

Answer

Actual depth of the pin, d = 15 cm

Apparent dept of the pin = 

Refractive index of glass,

Ratio of actual depth to the apparent depth is equal to the refractive index of glass, i.e.

The distance at which the pin appears to be raised = 

For a small angle of incidence, this distance does not depend upon the location of the slab.

Answer

(a) Refractive index of the glass fibre, 

Refractive index of the outer covering of the pipe,  = 1.44

Angle of incidence = i

Angle of refraction = r

Angle of incidence at the interface = i’

The refractive index (μ) of the inner core − outer core interface is given as:

For the critical angle, total internal reflection (TIR) takes place only when, i.e., i > 59°

Maximum angle of reflection,

Let, be the maximum angle of incidence.

The refractive index at the air − glass interface,

We have the relation for the maximum angles of incidence and reflection as:

Thus, all the rays incident at angles lying in the range 0 < i < 60° will suffer total internal reflection.

(b) If the outer covering of the pipe is not present, then:

Refractive index of the outer pipe,

For the angle of incidence i = 90°, we can write Snell’s law at the air − pipe interface as:

.

Answer

(a) Yes

Plane and convex mirrors can produce real images as well. If the object is virtual, i.e., if the light rays converging at a point behind a plane mirror (or a convex mirror) are reflected to a point on a screen placed in front of the mirror, then a real image will be formed.

(b) No

A virtual image is formed when light rays diverge. The convex lens of the eye causes these divergent rays to converge at the retina. In this case, the virtual image serves as an object for the lens to produce a real image.

(c) The diver is in the water and the fisherman is on land (i.e., in air). Water is a denser medium than air. It is given that the diver is viewing the fisherman. This indicates that the light rays are travelling from a denser medium to a rarer medium. Hence, the refracted rays will move away from the normal. As a result, the fisherman will appear to be taller.

(d) Yes; Decrease

The apparent depth of a tank of water changes when viewed obliquely. This is because light bends on travelling from one medium to another. The apparent depth of the tank when viewed obliquely is less than the near-normal viewing.

(e) Yes

The refractive index of diamond (2.42) is more than that of ordinary glass (1.5). The critical angle for diamond is less than that for glass. A diamond cutter uses a large angle of incidence to ensure that the light entering the diamond is totally reflected from its faces. This is the reason for the sparkling effect of a diamond.

Answer

Distance between the object and the image, d = 3 m

Maximum focal length of the convex lens =

For real images, the maximum focal length is given as:

Hence, for the required purpose, the maximum possible focal length of the convex lens is 0.75 m.

Answer

Distance between the image (screen) and the object, D = 90 cm

Distance between two locations of the convex lens, d = 20 cm

Focal length of the lens = f

Focal length is related to d and D as:

Therefore, the focal length of the convex lens is 21.39 cm.

Answer

Focal length of the convex lens, f₁ = 30 cm

Focal length of the concave lens, f₂ = −20 cm

Distance between the two lenses, d = 8.0 cm

(a) When the parallel beam of light is incident on the convex lens first:

According to the lens formula, we have:

Where,

 = Object distance = ∞

v₁ = Image distance

The image will act as a virtual object for the concave lens.

Applying lens formula to the concave lens, we have:

Where,

= Object distance

= (30 − d) = 30 − 8 = 22 cm

= Image distance

The parallel incident beam appears to diverge from a point that is from the centre of the combination of the two lenses.

(ii) When the parallel beam of light is incident, from the left, on the concave lens first:

According to the lens formula, we have:

Where,

 = Object distance = −∞

 = Image distance

The image will act as a real object for the convex lens.

Applying lens formula to the convex lens, we have:

Where,

 = Object distance

= −(20 + d) = −(20 + 8) = −28 cm

 = Image distance

Hence, the parallel incident beam appear to diverge from a point that is (420 − 4) 416 cm from the left of the centre of the combination of the two lenses.

The answer does depend on the side of the combination at which the parallel beam of light is incident. The notion of effective focal length does not seem to be useful for this combination.

(b) Height of the image, h₁ = 1.5 cm

Object distance from the side of the convex lens, 

According to the lens formula:

Where,

 = Image distance

Magnification, 

Hence, the magnification due to the convex lens is 3.

The image formed by the convex lens acts as an object for the concave lens.

According to the lens formula:

Where,

= Object distance

= +(120 − 8) = 112 cm.

 = Image distance

Magnification, 

Hence, the magnification due to the concave lens is.

The magnification produced by the combination of the two lenses is calculated as:

The magnification of the combination is given as:

Where,

h₁ = Object size = 1.5 cm

h₂ = Size of the image

Hence, the height of the image is 0.98 cm.

Answer

The incident, refracted, and emergent rays associated with a glass prism ABC are shown in the given figure.

Angle of prism, ∠A = 60°

Refractive index of the prism, µ = 1.524

 = Incident angle

 = Refracted angle

 = Angle of incidence at the face AC

e = Emergent angle = 90°

According to Snell’s law, for face AC, we can have:

It is clear from the figure that angle

According to Snell’s law, we have the relation:

Hence, the angle of incidence is 29.75°.

Answer

(a)Place the two prisms beside each other. Make sure that their bases are on the opposite sides of the incident white light, with their faces touching each other. When the white light is incident on the first prism, it will get dispersed. When this dispersed light is incident on the second prism, it will recombine and white light will emerge from the combination of the two prisms.

(b)Take the system of the two prisms as suggested in answer (a). Adjust (increase) the angle of the flint-glass-prism so that the deviations due to the combination of the prisms become equal. This combination will disperse the pencil of white light without much deviation.

Answer

Least distance of distinct vision, d = 25 cm

Far point of a normal eye, 

Converging power of the cornea, 

Least converging power of the eye-lens, 

To see the objects at infinity, the eye uses its least converging power.

Power of the eye-lens, P = P_c + P_e = 40 + 20 = 60 D

Power of the eye-lens is given as:

To focus an object at the near point, object distance (u) = −d = −25 cm

Focal length of the eye-lens = Distance between the cornea and the retina

= Image distance

Hence, image distance, 

According to the lens formula, we can write:

Where,

 = Focal length

∴Power of the eye-lens = 64 − 40 = 24 D

Hence, the range of accommodation of the eye-lens is from 20 D to 24 D.

Answer

A myopic or hypermetropic person can also possess the normal ability of accommodation of the eye-lens. Myopia occurs when the eye-balls get elongated from front to back. Hypermetropia occurs when the eye-balls get shortened. When the eye-lens loses its ability of accommodation, the defect is called presbyopia.

Answer

The power of the spectacles used by the myopic person, P = −1.0 D

Focal length of the spectacles, 

Hence, the far point of the person is 100 cm. He might have a normal near point of 25 cm. When he uses the spectacles, the objects placed at infinity produce virtual images at 100 cm. He uses the ability of accommodation of the eye-lens to see the objects placed between 100 cm and 25 cm.

During old age, the person uses reading glasses of power,

The ability of accommodation is lost in old age. This defect is called presbyopia. As a result, he is unable to see clearly the objects placed at 25 cm.

Answer

In the given case, the person is able to see vertical lines more distinctly than horizontal lines. This means that the refracting system (cornea and eye-lens) of the eye is not working in the same way in different planes. This defect is called astigmatism. The person’s eye has enough curvature in the vertical plane. However, the curvature in the horizontal plane is insufficient. Hence, sharp images of the vertical lines are formed on the retina, but horizontal lines appear blurred. This defect can be corrected by using cylindrical lenses.

Answer

(a) Focal length of the magnifying glass, f = 5 cm

Least distance of distance vision, d = 25 cm

Closest object distance = u

Image distance, v = −d = −25 cm

According to the lens formula, we have:

Hence, the closest distance at which the person can read the book is 4.167 cm.

For the object at the farthest distant (u’), the image distance 

According to the lens formula, we have:

Hence, the farthest distance at which the person can read the book is
5 cm.

(b) Maximum angular magnification is given by the relation:

Minimum angular magnification is given by the relation:

Answer

Note :
Here we took focal Length as 10 cm because if we take it as 9 cm then image distance will be zero ,which does not make any sense.
(a) Area of each square, A = 1 mm²

Object distance, u = −9 cm

Focal length of a converging lens, f =  9 cm

For image distance v, the lens formula can be written as:

Magnification, 

∴Area of each square in the virtual image = (10)²A

= 10² × 1 = 100 mm²

= 1 cm²

(b) Magnifying power of the lens 

(c) The magnification in (a) is not the same as the magnifying power in (b).

The magnification magnitude is and the magnifying power is.

The two quantities will be equal when the image is formed at the near point (25 cm).

Answer

(a) The maximum possible magnification is obtained when the image is formed at the near point (d = 25 cm).

Image distance, v = −d = −25 cm

Focal length, f = 10 cm

Object distance = u

According to the lens formula, we have:

Hence, to view the squares distinctly, the lens should be kept 7.14 cm away from them.

(b) Magnification =

(c) Magnifying power =

Since the image is formed at the near point (25 cm), the magnifying power is equal to the magnitude of magnification.

Answer

Area of the virtual image of each square, A = 6.25 mm²

Area of each square, A₀ = 1 mm²

Hence, the linear magnification of the object can be calculated as:

Focal length of the magnifying glass, f = 10 cm

According to the lens formula, we have the relation:

The virtual image is formed at a distance of 15 cm, which is less than the near point (i.e., 25 cm) of a normal eye. Hence, it cannot be seen by the eyes distinctly.

Answer

(a)Though the image size is bigger than the object, the angular size of the image is equal to the angular size of the object. A magnifying glass helps one see the objects placed closer than the least distance of distinct vision (i.e., 25 cm). A closer object causes a larger angular size. A magnifying glass provides angular magnification. Without magnification, the object cannot be placed closer to the eye. With magnification, the object can be placed much closer to the eye.

(b) Yes, the angular magnification changes. When the distance between the eye and a magnifying glass is increased, the angular magnification decreases a little. This is because the angle subtended at the eye is slightly less than the angle subtended at the lens. Image distance does not have any effect on angular magnification.

(c) The focal length of a convex lens cannot be decreased by a greater amount. This is because making lenses having very small focal lengths is not easy. Spherical and chromatic aberrations are produced by a convex lens having a very small focal length.

(d) The angular magnification produced by the eyepiece of a compound microscope is 

Where,

f_e = Focal length of the eyepiece

It can be inferred that if f_e is small, then angular magnification of the eyepiece will be large.

The angular magnification of the objective lens of a compound microscope is given as 

Where,

 = Object distance for the objective lens

 = Focal length of the objective

The magnification is large when >. In the case of a microscope, the object is kept close to the objective lens. Hence, the object distance is very little. Since is small,  will be even smaller. Therefore, and  are both small in the given condition.

(e)When we place our eyes too close to the eyepiece of a compound microscope, we are unable to collect much refracted light. As a result, the field of view decreases substantially. Hence, the clarity of the image gets blurred.

The best position of the eye for viewing through a compound microscope is at the eye-ring attached to the eyepiece. The precise location of the eye depends on the separation between the objective lens and the eyepiece.

Answer

Focal length of the objective lens,= 1.25 cm

Focal length of the eyepiece, f_e = 5 cm

Least distance of distinct vision, d = 25 cm

Angular magnification of the compound microscope = 30X

Total magnifying power of the compound microscope, m = 30

The angular magnification of the eyepiece is given by the relation:

The angular magnification of the objective lens (m_o) is related to m_e as:

 = m

Applying the lens formula for the objective lens:

The object should be placed 1.5 cm away from the objective lens to obtain the desired magnification.

Applying the lens formula for the eyepiece:

Where,

 = Image distance for the eyepiece = −d = −25 cm

 = Object distance for the eyepiece

Separation between the objective lens and the eyepiece 

Therefore, the separation between the objective lens and the eyepiece should be 11.67 cm.

Answer

Focal length of the objective lens,= 140 cm

Focal length of the eyepiece, f_e = 5 cm

Least distance of distinct vision, d = 25 cm

(a) When the telescope is in normal adjustment, its magnifying power is given as:

(b) When the final image is formed at d,the magnifying power of the telescope is given as:

Answer

Focal length of the objective lens, f_o = 140 cm

Focal length of the eyepiece, f_e = 5 cm

(a) In normal adjustment, the separation between the objective lens and the eyepiece 

(b) Height of the tower, h₁ = 100 m

Distance of the tower (object) from the telescope, u = 3 km = 3000 m

The angle subtended by the tower at the telescope is given as:

The angle subtended by the image produced by the objective lens is given as:

Where,

h₂ = Height of the image of the tower formed by the objective lens

Therefore, the objective lens forms a 4.7 cm tall image of the tower.

(c) Image is formed at a distance, d = 25 cm

The magnification of the eyepiece is given by the relation:

Height of the final image

Hence, the height of the final image of the tower is 28.2 cm.

Answer

The following figure shows a Cassegrain telescope consisting of a concave mirror and a convex mirror.

Distance between the objective mirror and the secondary mirror, d = 20 mm

Radius of curvature of the objective mirror, R₁ = 220 mm

Hence, focal length of the objective mirror, 

Radius of curvature of the secondary mirror, R₁ = 140 mm

Hence, focal length of the secondary mirror, 

The image of an object placed at infinity, formed by the objective mirror, will act as a virtual object for the secondary mirror.

Hence, the virtual object distance for the secondary mirror,

Applying the mirror formula for the secondary mirror, we can calculate image distance (v)as:

Hence, the final image will be formed 315 mm away from the secondary mirror.

Answer

Angle of deflection, θ = 3.5°

Distance of the screen from the mirror, D = 1.5 m

The reflected rays get deflected by an amount twice the angle of deflection i.e., 2θ= 7.0°

The displacement (d) of the reflected spot of light on the screen is given as:

Hence, the displacement of the reflected spot of light is 18.4 cm.

Answer

Focal length of the convex lens, f₁ = 30 cm

The liquid acts as a mirror. Focal length of the liquid = f₂

Focal length of the system (convex lens + liquid), f = 45 cm

For a pair of optical systems placed in contact, the equivalent focal length is given as:

Let the refractive index of the lens be and the radius of curvature of one surface be R. Hence, the radius of curvature of the other surface is −R.

R can be obtained using the relation:

Let be the refractive index of the liquid.

Radius of curvature of the liquid on the side of the plane mirror =

Radius of curvature of the liquid on the side of the lens, R = −30 cm

The value of  can be calculated using the relation:

Hence, the refractive index of the liquid is 1.33.