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      Class 9 Science

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      • Class 09
      • Class 9 Science
      CoursesClass 09ScienceClass 9 Science
      • 01.Matter in Our Surroundings
        9
        • Lecture1.1
          Matter and Its Properties 39 min
        • Lecture1.2
          States of Matter and Compressibility & Rigidity 21 min
        • Lecture1.3
          Moving through, Fluidity, Density, Diffusion, Pressure 26 min
        • Lecture1.4
          Change of State of Matter 56 min
        • Lecture1.5
          Evaporation and Boiling 39 min
        • Lecture1.6
          Cooling Effect of Evaporation Two More States of Matter 22 min
        • Lecture1.7
          Chapter Notes – Matter in Our Surroundings
        • Lecture1.8
          NCERT Solutions – Matter in Our Surroundings
        • Lecture1.9
          Revision Notes Matter in Our Surroundings
      • 02.Is Matter Around Us Pure
        9
        • Lecture2.1
          Elements and Compounds 20 min
        • Lecture2.2
          Mixtures, Homogeneous & Heterogeneous and Chemical & Physical Change 37 min
        • Lecture2.3
          Solution, Suspension, Colloid and Tyndal Effect 48 min
        • Lecture2.4
          Terms related to Solution and Solubility 42 min
        • Lecture2.5
          Separation of Mixtures 47 min
        • Lecture2.6
          Cleaning Drinking Water and Classification of Matter 29 min
        • Lecture2.7
          Chapter Notes – Is Matter Around Us Pure
        • Lecture2.8
          NCERT Solutions – Is Matter Around Us Pure
        • Lecture2.9
          Revision Notes Is Matter Around Us Pure
      • 03.Atoms and Molecules
        7
        • Lecture3.1
          Atom and its Properties, Atomic Mass, Molecule and Molecular Mass 40 min
        • Lecture3.2
          Ions, Valency and Writing the formulae of Compounds 47 min
        • Lecture3.3
          Mole Concept 42 min
        • Lecture3.4
          Calculation of no. of Moles, Percentage of an Element in a Compound and Laws of Chemical Combination 30 min
        • Lecture3.5
          Chapter Notes – Atoms and Molecules
        • Lecture3.6
          NCERT Solutions – Atoms and Molecules
        • Lecture3.7
          Revision Notes Atoms and Molecules
      • 04.Structure of The Atom
        7
        • Lecture4.1
          Charged Particles in Matter and Discovery of Sub – atomic Particles 31 min
        • Lecture4.2
          Atomic Model by J.J Thomson’s Model and Rutherford 57 min
        • Lecture4.3
          Ion, Mass Number, Isotopes, Isobar and Fractional Mass number of Elements 01 hour
        • Lecture4.4
          Electron Distribution in Orbits and Valency 01 hour
        • Lecture4.5
          Chapter Notes – Structure of The Atom
        • Lecture4.6
          NCERT Solutions – Structure of The Atom
        • Lecture4.7
          Revision Notes Structure of The Atom
      • 05.Cell - Fundamental Unit of Life
        7
        • Lecture5.1
          Introduction to Cell and Its Structure – Cell Wall 31 min
        • Lecture5.2
          Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus 32 min
        • Lecture5.3
          Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi bodies, Lisosomes, Mitocondria 38 min
        • Lecture5.4
          Plastids, Vacuole; Types of Cell and Transport through Plasma Membrane 33 min
        • Lecture5.5
          Chapter Notes – Cell – Fundamental Unit of Life
        • Lecture5.6
          NCERT Solutions – Cell – Fundamental Unit of Life
        • Lecture5.7
          Revision Notes Cell – Fundamental Unit of Life
      • 06.Tissues
        8
        • Lecture6.1
          Division of Labour, Plant Tissues – Merismatic Tissue 20 min
        • Lecture6.2
          Plant Tissue-Permanent Tissue: Simple Permanent Tissue 34 min
        • Lecture6.3
          Plant Tissue-Permanent Tissue: Complex and Protective Tissue 31 min
        • Lecture6.4
          Animal Tissue- Muscular Tissue and Nervous Tissue 27 min
        • Lecture6.5
          Animal Tissue- Connective Tissue and Epithelial Tissue 42 min
        • Lecture6.6
          Chapter Notes – Tissues
        • Lecture6.7
          NCERT Solutions – Tissues
        • Lecture6.8
          Revision Notes Tissues
      • 07.Diversity in Living Organisms
        8
        • Lecture7.1
          Introduction to Biodiversity and Classification, Nomenclature 35 min
        • Lecture7.2
          The Five Kingdoms 29 min
        • Lecture7.3
          Plantae Kingdom 42 min
        • Lecture7.4
          Animalia Kingdom 01 hour
        • Lecture7.5
          Classification of Chordates and Revision of Animalia Kingdom 33 min
        • Lecture7.6
          Chapter Notes – Diversity in Living Organisms
        • Lecture7.7
          NCERT Solutions – Diversity in Living Organisms
        • Lecture7.8
          Revision Notes Diversity in Living Organisms
      • 08.Motion
        11
        • Lecture8.1
          Straight Line Motion, Position, Vector and Scalar; 23 min
        • Lecture8.2
          Distance & Displacement 48 min
        • Lecture8.3
          Speed and Velocity 57 min
        • Lecture8.4
          Acceleration and Deacceleration, Uniform & Non-uniform Acceleration 47 min
        • Lecture8.5
          Equations of Uniformly Accelerated Motion 58 min
        • Lecture8.6
          Uniform Circular Motion 30 min
        • Lecture8.7
          Graphical representation of Motion 30 min
        • Lecture8.8
          Calculations Using Graph 28 min
        • Lecture8.9
          Chapter Notes – Motion
        • Lecture8.10
          NCERT Solutions – Motion
        • Lecture8.11
          Revision Notes Motion
      • 09.Force and Newtons Laws of Motion
        12
        • Lecture9.1
          Force and Net or Resultant Force 46 min
        • Lecture9.2
          Newton’s 1st Law 46 min
        • Lecture9.3
          Momentum 46 min
        • Lecture9.4
          Newton’s 2nd Law 27 min
        • Lecture9.5
          Newton’s 2nd Law in Terms of Acceleration; 42 min
        • Lecture9.6
          Newton’s 1st Law from 2nd law and Practical Examples of Newton’s 2nd Law 42 min
        • Lecture9.7
          Newton’s 3rd Law and its Practical Examples 35 min
        • Lecture9.8
          Conservation of Momentum 33 min
        • Lecture9.9
          Practical Applications of Conservation of Momentum 29 min
        • Lecture9.10
          Chapter Notes – Force and Newtons Laws of Motion
        • Lecture9.11
          NCERT Solutions – Force and Newtons Laws of Motion
        • Lecture9.12
          Revision Notes Force and Newtons Laws of Motion
      • 10.Gravitation
        9
        • Lecture10.1
          Universal Law of Gravitation and Free Fall 41 min
        • Lecture10.2
          Falling Bodies: case 1 46 min
        • Lecture10.3
          Falling bodies: case 2 and Air Resistance 42 min
        • Lecture10.4
          Value of g, Mass and Weight, Weight on Moon, Circular Motion and Gravitation 48 min
        • Lecture10.5
          Thrust and Pressure and Pressure in fluids 37 min
        • Lecture10.6
          Archimedes Principle; Density 37 min
        • Lecture10.7
          Chapter Notes – Gravitation
        • Lecture10.8
          NCERT Solutions – Gravitation
        • Lecture10.9
          Revision Notes Gravitation
      • 11.Work and Energy
        7
        • Lecture11.1
          Work and Workdone Against Gravity, Oblique Displacement 01 hour
        • Lecture11.2
          Energy and Different Forms of Energy, Derivation of Formulae of K.E. 58 min
        • Lecture11.3
          Transformation of Energy and Law of Conservation of Energy 01 hour
        • Lecture11.4
          Rate of doing Work and Commercial Unit of Energy 43 min
        • Lecture11.5
          Chapter Notes – Work and Energy
        • Lecture11.6
          NCERT Solutions – Work and Energy
        • Lecture11.7
          Revision Notes Work and Energy
      • 12.Sound
        8
        • Lecture12.1
          Production and Propagation of Sound and Medium for Sound 30 min
        • Lecture12.2
          Frequency and Velocity of Sound Wave, Characteristic of Sound 01 hour
        • Lecture12.3
          Sonic Boom, Light faster than Sound, Reflection of Sound, Echo and Reverberation 56 min
        • Lecture12.4
          Types of Sound Based on Frequency 42 min
        • Lecture12.5
          Human Ear and Intensity of Sound 25 min
        • Lecture12.6
          Chapter Notes – Sound
        • Lecture12.7
          NCERT Solutions – Sound
        • Lecture12.8
          Revision Notes Sound
      • 13.Why do We Fall Ill
        7
        • Lecture13.1
          Factors Determining Health, Disease, Look of Disease, Cause of Disease, Types of Diseases 24 min
        • Lecture13.2
          Infectious Diseases, Immune System, Treatment of Diseases 55 min
        • Lecture13.3
          Prevention from Disease, Vaccination – Immunisation 36 min
        • Lecture13.4
          AIDS, Different Modes for Different Diseases 18 min
        • Lecture13.5
          Chapter Notes – Why do We Fall Ill
        • Lecture13.6
          NCERT Solutions – Why do We Fall Ill
        • Lecture13.7
          Revision Notes Why do We Fall Ill
      • 14.Natural Resources
        7
        • Lecture14.1
          Natural Resource-Air and its Pollution 57 min
        • Lecture14.2
          Natural Resource-Water and Soil and its Pollution 49 min
        • Lecture14.3
          Biogeochemical Cycles 33 min
        • Lecture14.4
          Green House Effect, Global Warming and Ozone Layer Depletion 30 min
        • Lecture14.5
          Chapter Notes – Natural Resources
        • Lecture14.6
          NCERT Solutions – Natural Resources
        • Lecture14.7
          Revision Notes Natural Resources
      • 15.Improvements in Food Resources
        7
        • Lecture15.1
          Various Revolution Held in India; Types of Crops; Crop Season; Crop Variety Improvement 31 min
        • Lecture15.2
          Crop Production Improvement 45 min
        • Lecture15.3
          Crop Protection Improvement and Organic Farming 29 min
        • Lecture15.4
          Animal Husbandry 40 min
        • Lecture15.5
          Chapter Notes – Improvements in Food Resources
        • Lecture15.6
          NCERT Solutions – Improvements in Food Resources
        • Lecture15.7
          Revision Notes Improvements in Food Resources

        Chapter Notes – Tissues

        Tissues

        Tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a particular function.

        Division of Labour / Cell Specializing

        In simple organisms, all body functions are done by the single cell itself like Amoeba. But in complex organisms (like in human, plants etc.), different groups of cells perform different functions.

        As different groups of cells or tissues are specialized in doing different job, any work is done much more efficiently compared to unicellular organism.

        Tissues are mainly classified in two types:

        1. Plant Tissues 2. Animal Tissues

        Plant Tissues

        Meristematic Tissue (Meristem)

        Meristematic tissues are responsible for growth in plants. Cells in these tissues can divide and form new cells.

        Meristematic tissues are of three types:

        1. Apical Meristem: Present at tip of stem & roots. It is responsible for growth in length.
        2. Lateral Meristem (Cambium): Present beneath bark. It is responsible for growth in girth of trunk.
        3. Intercalary Meristem: Present in nodes of leaves & stem.

        D:\Diagrams\location of meristematic tissue in plant body.pngProperties of cells of meristem:

        • Cells of meristematic tissues are very active and work faster.
        • They do not have vacuoles.

        Experiment:

        • Take 2 onions in jars as shown.
        • Observe the growth of roots for 5 days.
        • Cut the tips of the roots of onion in jar 2.
        • Observe the growth of roots for next few days.
        • Roots in jar 2 stop growing.

        When tip of roots are cut, apical meristem present there is lost. So no further growth happens.

        Permanent Tissue

        Cells of meristematic tissues change their shape & size to get specialised in performing other functions in plants body. This process is called Differentiation.

        Cells of meristematic tissues differentiate to form different types of permanent tissues.

        Permanent tissues are of two types:

        1. Simple Tissues: This type of tissue is composed of same type of cells.
        2. Complex Tissues: Group of different type of cells performing common task together.

        Simple Tissues

        1. Parenchyma simple tissues: Cells of parenchyma tissues are live. They are oval, elongated and loosely packed with large inter-cellular space. Cells of parenchyma have small nucleus, large vacuole and thin cell wall. These tissues are found throughout the plant.

        Function:

        • Supports plant body.
        • Stores food and nutrients in vacuoles.
        • Sometimes contain chlorophyll and thus perform photosynthesis. Such parenchyma tissues are called chlorenchyma.
        • In aquatic plants, cells of parenchyma have large air cavities which allow plants to flood. Such parenchyma tissues are called aerenchyma.
        1. Collenchyma Simple Tissues: Cells of collenchyma are live. They are oval and elongated and tightly packed with no inter-cellular spaces. Cells of collenchymas have small nucleus, large vacuoles and have thin cell wall but thick at corners. Collenchyma tissues are found below epidermis in leaves and stem.

        Function:

        • Provides mechanical support to plant.
        • Provides flexibility to plants so that they can bend without breaking.
        1. Sclerenchyma Simple Tissues: Cells of sclerenchyma are dead. They are narrow and elongated. The cell wall in sclerenchyma is thick and hard. Lignin is a chemical substance which hardens the cell wall. These types of tissues are found around vascular bundles, veins of leaves in hard covering of seeds and nuts. For example; scalerenchyma tissues are found in coconut husk.

        Function:

        • Makes parts of plant hard and stiff.
        • Provides strength.
        1. Epidermis Simple Tissues: Epidermis tissue covers the entire body of plant. Cells in epidermis are similar in structure to parenchyma (loosely) but are tightly packed. They protect plant from injury, germs and water loss. They have generally one layer of cell.

        Stomata are small openings on epidermal layer of leaf and soft part of stem. A stomata is a composed of two guard cells which regulate the opening and closing of stoma. Stomata present in epidermis allow gaseous exchange and transpiration in plants.

        In desert plants, epidermis and cutin (a water proof waxy substance secreted by epidermis) are thicker so water loss is further reduced.

        1. Cork Simple Tissues: These types of tissue consist of dead cells with no intercellular space. They form the outer layer of old tree trucks. Cells in cork contain subenin (a chemical substance). Due to this cork can’t be penetrated by gases and water. Cork tissue protects plant from injuries, germs and water loss.

        Cork is light so it is used commercially for making several products like bottle stoppers, shuttle cork.

        Complex Tissues

        Complex tissues are of two types:

        1. Xylem b. Phloem

        Xylem: Xylem is the tissue that transports water and nutrients from root to upper parts of plant. It is composed of four types of cells i.e. vessel, tracheid, xylem parenchyma and xylem sclerenchyma (fibre).

        Vessel is a pipe like structure. Vessels are dead and have lignified thick cell wall. Upper and lower portion of cell wall is absent.

        Trachieds are long elongated cells with tapered ending. Trachied cells are dead. Trachied transports water through pits.

        Parenchymas are living cells. They store food and nutrients.

        Sclerenchymas (fibres) are dead cells. They provide mechanical support to plant.

         

        Phloem: Phloem is the tissue that transports food from site of photosynthesis to different parts of plants. It is composed of four types of cell i.e. sieve cells, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibre or blast fibre. All types of cells are live except phoem fibres.

        Sieve cells are elongated and have thin cell wall. They have cytoplasm but do not have nucleus and other organs. These cells are responsible for transportation of food and nutrients.

        Companion cells have cytoplasm, nucleus and other organelles. They perform the tasks required for sieve cells for living.

        Phloem parenchyma store food.

        Phloem fibres have thick cell wall and they provide mechanical support to plant.

        Experimental Study of Stem

        • Cut stem into thin slices.
        • Stain them with safranin (chemical).
        • Pick a nicely cut slice and put on slid.
        • Put a drop of glycerine on slid.
        • Observe under microscope.

        You will see a microscopic view of stem.

        D:\Diagrams\stem.pngExperimental Study of Epidermis

        • Stretch a freshly cut leaf and break it from middle by applying pressure.
        • The outermost layer of leaf will come out as a peel or skin called epidermis.
        • Gently get in off and strain with safranin.
        • Then put it on slid and observe under microscope.

        D:\Diagrams\34-3.gif

        Animal Tissue

        Animal tissues are of four types:

        1. Muscular tissue
        2. Nervous tissue
        3. Connective tissue
        4. Epithelial tissue

        Muscular Tissue

        Muscular tissue is composed of elongated cells called muscle fibres. This tissue allows movement in body by contraction and relaxation. It contains special contractile protein which contract and relax to cause movement.

        Muscular tissues are of three types:

        Smooth: The cells of smooth muscles are spindle shaped and each has one nucleus (c. Smooth muscle is found in those organs where involuntary movement is possible, e.g. muscles in stomach. They move automatically.

        Cardiac: The cells of cardiac muscles are in the form of branched fibres. These are found in the heart. Cardiac muscles have many nucleus and striations are present in these muscles. Cardiac muscles can move continuously throughout the life in rhythmic pattern.

        Striated (Skeletal): The cells of striated muscles are in the form of long, unbranched fibres. They have multi nucleus. Striations are present on muscle fibres. Striated muscles are found in those organs where voluntary movement is possible, e.g. hands, legs, back, neck, etc.

        Nervous Tissue

        Nervous tissue makes the nervous system and is composed of specialized cells called neuron. A neuron consists of a cell body (cyton) with a nucleus and cytoplasm from which numerous hair like structures arise called dendrites. One long extension is called Axon. Neurons are connected end to end to form nerves through connective tissue. Nervous tissues are found in brain, spinal cord and nerves.

        D:\Diagrams\neuron.gifFunctions:

        • They give us ability to respond to stimuli.
        • They transmit information from body parts to brain.
        • They transmit orders from brain to body parts.
        • Nervous and muscular tissue together control body movement in all animals.

        Connective Tissue

        Connective tissues contain cells in a matrix. Matrix is a chemical substance in solid, liquid or jelly form. Connective tissues are of various types:

        1. Bones: Cells in bone are embedded in matrix of calcium and phosphate compounds. Bones form framework of body. They facilitate movement of muscles. Bones are hard and inflexible and they have blood vessels.
        2. Cartilages: They are soft tissues found in ear, nose, trachea, larynx and between bone joints. Cartilage smoothens the bone joints. They have wide spread cells in solid matrix of proteins and sugars. They do not have blood vessels.
        3. Tendons: Tendon is made up of white fibres. They connect bones to muscles.
        4. Ligament: Ligament is made up of white and yellow fibre. It connects bone to bone. It is more flexible compared to tendon.
        5. Areolar: It consists of cells and fibres in matrix. It is found between skin and underlying muscles, around blood vessels, around nerves and bone marrow. Areolar tissue is strong enough to bind different types of tissues and soft enough to maintain flexibility. It fills space inside internal organs and supports them.
        6. Adipose: It stores fat below the skin and between internal organs. When present in excess, results in obesity. It provides cushioning to internal organs and gives shape to body parts like limbs, breasts. Adipose acts as insulator and protects from cold.
        7. Blood: Blood is a fluid composed of blood cells, platelets and plasma (liquid matrix). It flows throughout the body and transports various materials like gases, digested food, waste material and hormones. Blood plasma contains two types of blood cells: Red Blood Cells (RBC) and White blood cells (WBC).
        8. Lymph (Liquid): Lymph is a whitish fluid obtained from blood itself. It contains blood plasma, WBC, platelets but no RBC. Lymph transports food materials, waste materials and gases which blood cannot transfer.

        Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium)

        Skin which covers and protects all our body is epithelium. Other occurrences of epithelium are inner lining of mouth, linings of blood vessels, covering of other organs and cavities in body. Cells in epithelial tissue are tightly packed with no intercellular space. They are separated from other tissues by fibrous basement membrane.

        Functions:

        • It protects the organs which it covers.
        • It keeps different organs separate.
        • Epithelium forms a selectively permeable layer over body and other organs.
        • It allows certain substances to pass through and stops others.
        • In certain cases, it secretes and acts as glands.

        Types of Epithelial Tissue:

        Squamous: It consists of thin, flat disc like polygonal or irregular-shaped cells with round and flat nucleus. They form lining of nose, pericardial cavity, blood vessels etc. They protect the underlying parts of body from mechanical injury. It prevents the entry of germs inside the body. It facilitates diffusion of gases.

        Cuboidal: It consists of cube like cells of almost equal height and width. Cuboidal tissue are found in kidney tubules, salivary glands etc. They provide mechanical support to organs and help in absorption and excretion.

        Columnar: It consists of tall, cylindrical cells. The free end of the cells consists of figure-like projections. Columnar tissues are found in the inner surface of stomach, intestine etc. Columnar helps in absorption of nutrients, secretion of gastric juices and provides mechanical support to the organs.

        Glandular Epithelium: Glandular epithelium tissues are tissues that form multi-cellular glands which produce chemicals.

        Prev Animal Tissue- Connective Tissue and Epithelial Tissue
        Next NCERT Solutions – Tissues

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