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Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
Geography
- Natural Vegetation-Introduction, Virgin Vegetation and its Types, Factors Affecting Vegetation in India
- Types of Vegetation in Different
- Wildlife-Introduction, Wildlife in Different Forests of India, Biodiversity, Biosphere Reserves, National Parks, Wildlife sanctuaries, Zoological Gardens
- Chapter Notes – Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
- NCERT Solutions – Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
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Climate
Geography
- Climate and Weather, Climate of India, Factors Affecting Climate-Latitude, Altitude, Pressure and Wind, Distance from Sea Level, Ocean Current, Relief Feature
- Factors Affecting Climate of India-Latitude, Altitude, Pressure and Wind
- Indian Monsoon, Mechanism of Monsoon Winds
- Onset & Withdrawal of Monsoon, Seasons
- Chapter Notes – Climate
- NCERT Solutions – Climate
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Population
Geography
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Poverty as a Challenge
Economics
- Introduction, Poverty Means, Poverty as seen by Social Scientists, Social Exclusion, Vulnerability, When To call a person Poor?, Basics needs for Living in India, Minimum Level of Food Required
- Poverty Estimates, Vulnerability, Inter-State Disparities, Global Poverty Scenario, Causes of Poverty, Anti-Poverty Measures, Challenge Ahead
- Chapter Notes – Poverty as a Challenge
- NCERT Solutions – Poverty as a Challenge
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Food Security
Economics
- Buffer Stock, Public Distribution System, National Food for Work Programme, Antyodaya Anna Yojana, Criticism Faced By PDS, Role of Cooperatives in Food Security
- What is food Security?, How is food security affected during a calamity?, Present Scenario, Who are food-insecure?, Hunger
- Chapter Notes – Food Security
- NCERT Solutions – Food Security
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People as Resource
Economics
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The Story of Village Palampur
Economics
- Goods and Services in Villages, Families in Palampur, Organization of Production, Farming in Palampur, Raising Farm Production
- Modern Farming Methods, Consequences, Land Distribution B/w Farmers, Work on the Fields, Farmers and Farm Labour, Non Farming Activities in Palampur
- Chapter Notes – The Story of Village Palampur
- NCERT Solutions – The Story of Village Palampur
Chapter Notes – People as Resource
We will study and discuss about these terms:
(i) Human capital
(ii) Gross National Product
(iii) Human capital formation
(iv) Advantages of a more educated or a healthier population
Economic Activities by Men and Women
• Economic activities are development and wealth producing activities. It creates economic and financial gain by producing goods and services and adds value to the national income.
Sectors under economic activities
(i) Primary Sector
(ii) Secondary Sector
(iii) Tertiary Sector
(i) Primary Sector
It is also known as agriculture sector. This sector considers directly using of natural resources. This sector includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming, mining, and quarrying.
(ii) Secondary Sector
It is also known as manufacturing sector. This sector considers manufacturing of goods.
(iii) Tertiary sector
This sector provides service. This sector includes trade, transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism, services, insurance.
Two parts of Economic activities
(i) Market activities
(ii) Non-market activities
(i) Market activities
Market activities consider production of goods or services including government service for remuneration.
(ii) Non-market activities
Non-market activities consider production of goods or services for self-consumption.
Works Performed under Economic activities
• There are huge difference between economic activity performed by men and economic activity performed by women.
• Women look after domestic affairs like cooking of food, washing of clothes, cleaning of utensils, housekeeping and looking after children. Men work in the field.
• Men are paid for their work on the contrary women are not paid for their performances in the house.
• The work done by men is recognized in the National Income whereas the household work done by women is not recognized in the National Income.
Quality of Population
Quality of population is mainly in literacy rate and health of the population. Literate and healthy populations are asset for a country.
(i) Education
• Education is the process of learning for acquisition of knowledge. It is an important input for growth of a person.
• Development of a country is basically depended on literacy rate. When a person is educated, then a family can be educated. After that, society can be educated and hence literacy rate of the country can increase.
• Governance efficiency can also be enhanced through learning process.
(ii) Health
• An unhealthy person is burden for a country in terms of economics. A healthy mind create healthy environment. For development of a country, healthy environment is compulsory.
• In India, states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh have few medical colleges. These states have poor health conditions.
• On the other hand, four states Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have majority in number of medical colleges with 81 medical colleges out of 181.
• In India, infant mortality rate has come down from 147 in 1951 to 47 in 2010.
• Crude birth rates have dropped to 22.1 and death rates to 7 in 2010.
• Crude birth rate is the number of living births occuring in a given geographical area per 1,000.
Unemployment
• Unemployment is a phenomenon that occurs when a person want to do work but unable to find work.
• Unemployment is liability to the nation. It leads to wastage of manpower resource.
Two types of unemployment found in rural areas:
(i) Seasonal unemployment
(ii) Disguised unemployment
(i) Seasonal unemployment
• In case of Seasonal unemployment, people are not able to find jobs during some months of the year.
• Generally, in agriculture sector this kind of problem is visible. In agriculture sector, some seasonal foodgrains are produced. So, the farmers are employed only in that particular season.
(ii) Disguised unemployment
• Disguised unemployment happens when people appear to be employed.
• For example, in agriculture sector the field requires the service of six people and nine people are worked in the same field then, three extra people are come under the category of disguised unemployed. Production will not decrease when three people are removed.
Urban areas unemployment
• In urban areas educated unemployment are seen. This problem occurs when an educated person is willing to work but, he/she unable to find work.
• Number of graduated and post-graduated unemployed has increased faster than among matriculates unemployed.
Infant mortality rate (IMR): Infant mortality rate is the death of a child who is come under one year of age. It is measured by number of death of children under one year of age per 1000 live births.
Birth rates: It is the number of babies born there for every 1,000 people during a particular period of time.
Death rate: It is the number of people per 1,000 who die during a particular period of time.
Gross National Product: Gross national product is the estimation of the value of the final goods and services by the residents of the country in a given time period.
National Income: National Income is the estimation of the value of the final goods and services produced by a country in a given time period.
Human capital: Human capital is the stock of skill and productive knowledge embodied in human beings.
Human capital formation: Human capital formation includes the process of training, medical care etc. Education and health are the source for the human capital formation.
People as resources: It is a way of referring to a country’s workforce in terms of existing skills and abilities.