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      Class 12 MATHS – JEE

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      • Class 12
      • Class 12 MATHS – JEE
      CoursesClass 12MathsClass 12 MATHS – JEE
      • 1.Relations and Functions
        11
        • Lecture1.1
          Revision – Functions and its Types 38 min
        • Lecture1.2
          Revision – Functions Types 17 min
        • Lecture1.3
          Revision – Sum Related to Relations 04 min
        • Lecture1.4
          Revision – Sums Related to Relations, Domain and Range 22 min
        • Lecture1.5
          Cartesian Product of Sets, Relation, Domain, Range, Inverse of Relation, Types of Relations 34 min
        • Lecture1.6
          Functions, Intervals 39 min
        • Lecture1.7
          Domain 01 min
        • Lecture1.8
          Problem Based on finding Domain and Range 39 min
        • Lecture1.9
          Types of Real function 31 min
        • Lecture1.10
          Odd & Even Function, Composition of Function 32 min
        • Lecture1.11
          Chapter Notes – Relations and Functions
      • 2.Inverse Trigonometric Functions
        16
        • Lecture2.1
          Revision – Introduction, Some Identities and Some Sums 16 min
        • Lecture2.2
          Revision – Some Sums Related to Trigonometry Identities, trigonometry Functions Table and Its Quadrants 35 min
        • Lecture2.3
          Revision – Trigonometrical Identities-Some important relations and Its related Sums 16 min
        • Lecture2.4
          Revision – Sums Related to Trigonometrical Identities 18 min
        • Lecture2.5
          Revision – Some Trigonometric Identities and its related Sums 42 min
        • Lecture2.6
          Revision – Trigonometry Equations 44 min
        • Lecture2.7
          Revision – Sum Based on Trigonometry Equations 08 min
        • Lecture2.8
          Introduction to Inverse Trigonometry Function, Range, Domain, Question based on Principal Value 37 min
        • Lecture2.9
          Property -1 of Inverse trigo function 28 min
        • Lecture2.10
          Property -2 to 4 of Inverse trigo function 48 min
        • Lecture2.11
          Questions based on properties of Inverse trigo function 19 min
        • Lecture2.12
          Question based on useful substitution 27 min
        • Lecture2.13
          Numerical problems 19 min
        • Lecture2.14
          Numerical problems 24 min
        • Lecture2.15
          Numerical problems , introduction to Differentiation 44 min
        • Lecture2.16
          Chapter Notes – Inverse Trigonometric Functions
      • 3.Matrices
        9
        • Lecture3.1
          What is matrix 26 min
        • Lecture3.2
          Types of matrix 28 min
        • Lecture3.3
          Operations of matrices 28 min
        • Lecture3.4
          Multiplication of matrices 29 min
        • Lecture3.5
          Properties of a matrices 44 min
        • Lecture3.6
          Numerical problems 19 min
        • Lecture3.7
          Solution of simultaneous linear equation 28 min
        • Lecture3.8
          Solution of simultaneous / Homogenous linear equation 24 min
        • Lecture3.9
          Chapter Notes – Matrices
      • 4.Determinants
        6
        • Lecture4.1
          Introduction of Determinants 23 min
        • Lecture4.2
          Properties of Determinants 29 min
        • Lecture4.3
          Numerical problems 15 min
        • Lecture4.4
          Numerical problems 16 min
        • Lecture4.5
          Applications of Determinants 17 min
        • Lecture4.6
          Chapter Notes – Determinants
      • 5.Continuity
        7
        • Lecture5.1
          Introduction to continuity 28 min
        • Lecture5.2
          Numerical problems 17 min
        • Lecture5.3
          Numerical problems 22 min
        • Lecture5.4
          Basics of continuity 26 min
        • Lecture5.5
          Numerical problems 17 min
        • Lecture5.6
          Numerical problems 11 min
        • Lecture5.7
          Chapter Notes – Continuity and Differentiability
      • 6.Differentiation
        14
        • Lecture6.1
          Introduction to Differentiation 27 min
        • Lecture6.2
          Important formula’s 29 min
        • Lecture6.3
          Numerical problems 29 min
        • Lecture6.4
          Numerical problems 31 min
        • Lecture6.5
          Differentiation by using trigonometric substitution 21 min
        • Lecture6.6
          Differentiation of implicit function 21 min
        • Lecture6.7
          Differentiation of logarthmetic function 31 min
        • Lecture6.8
          Differentiation of log function 25 min
        • Lecture6.9
          Infinite series & parametric function 26 min
        • Lecture6.10
          Infinite series & parametric function 27 min
        • Lecture6.11
          Higher order derivatives 27 min
        • Lecture6.12
          Differentiation of function of a function 16 min
        • Lecture6.13
          Numerical problems 27 min
        • Lecture6.14
          Numerical problems 04 min
      • 7.Mean Value Theorem
        4
        • Lecture7.1
          Lagrange theorem 24 min
        • Lecture7.2
          Rolle’s theorem 20 min
        • Lecture7.3
          Lagrange theorem 24 min
        • Lecture7.4
          Rolle’s theorem 20 min
      • 8.Applications of Derivatives
        6
        • Lecture8.1
          Rate of change of Quantities 30 min
        • Lecture8.2
          Rate of change of Quantities 18 min
        • Lecture8.3
          Rate of change of Quantities 18 min
        • Lecture8.4
          Approximation 10 min
        • Lecture8.5
          Approximation 05 min
        • Lecture8.6
          Chapter Notes – Applications of Derivatives
      • 9.Increasing and Decreasing Function
        5
        • Lecture9.1
          Introduction 36 min
        • Lecture9.2
          Numerical Problem 26 min
        • Lecture9.3
          Numerical Problem 22 min
        • Lecture9.4
          Numerical Problem 22 min
        • Lecture9.5
          Numerical Problem 21 min
      • 10.Tangents and Normal
        3
        • Lecture10.1
          Introduction 34 min
        • Lecture10.2
          Numerical Problems 32 min
        • Lecture10.3
          Angle of intersection of two curves 27 min
      • 11.Maxima and Minima
        10
        • Lecture11.1
          Introduction 28 min
        • Lecture11.2
          Local maxima & Local Minima 27 min
        • Lecture11.3
          Numerical Problems 37 min
        • Lecture11.4
          Maximum & minimum value in closed interval 19 min
        • Lecture11.5
          Application of Maxima & Minima 10 min
        • Lecture11.6
          Application of Maxima & Minima 14 min
        • Lecture11.7
          Numerical Problems 17 min
        • Lecture11.8
          Numerical Problems 18 min
        • Lecture11.9
          Numerical Problems 15 min
        • Lecture11.10
          Numerical Problems 14 min
      • 12.Integrations
        19
        • Lecture12.1
          Introduction to Indefinite Integration 37 min
        • Lecture12.2
          Integration by substitution 25 min
        • Lecture12.3
          Numerical problems on Substitution 39 min
        • Lecture12.4
          Numerical problems on Substitution 04 min
        • Lecture12.5
          Integration various types of particular function (Identities) 31 min
        • Lecture12.6
          Integration by parts-1 18 min
        • Lecture12.7
          Integration by parts-2 10 min
        • Lecture12.8
          Integration by parts-2 16 min
        • Lecture12.9
          Integration by parts-2 08 min
        • Lecture12.10
          ILATE Rule 12 min
        • Lecture12.11
          Integration of some special function 07 min
        • Lecture12.12
          Integration of some special function 06 min
        • Lecture12.13
          Integration by substitution using trigonometric 14 min
        • Lecture12.14
          Evaluation of some specific Integration 12 min
        • Lecture12.15
          Evaluation of some specific Integration 29 min
        • Lecture12.16
          Integration by partial fraction 27 min
        • Lecture12.17
          Integration of some special function 11 min
        • Lecture12.18
          Numerical Problems based on partial fraction 20 min
        • Lecture12.19
          Chapter Notes – Integrals
      • 13.Definite Integrals
        11
        • Lecture13.1
          Introduction 24 min
        • Lecture13.2
          Properties of Definite Integration 19 min
        • Lecture13.3
          Numerical problem based on properties 22 min
        • Lecture13.4
          Area under the curve 16 min
        • Lecture13.5
          Area under the curve (Ellipse) 20 min
        • Lecture13.6
          Area under the curve (Parabola) 10 min
        • Lecture13.7
          Area under the curve (Parabola & Circle) 40 min
        • Lecture13.8
          Area bounded by lines 10 min
        • Lecture13.9
          Numerical problems 25 min
        • Lecture13.10
          Area under the curve (Circle ) 02 min
        • Lecture13.11
          Chapter Notes – Application of Integrals
      • 14.Differential Equations
        6
        • Lecture14.1
          Introduction to chapter 38 min
        • Lecture14.2
          Solution of D.E. – Variable separation methods 14 min
        • Lecture14.3
          Solution of D.E. – Variable separation methods 27 min
        • Lecture14.4
          Solution of D.E. – Second order 21 min
        • Lecture14.5
          Homogeneous D.E. 31 min
        • Lecture14.6
          Chapter Notes – Differential Equations
      • 15.Vectors
        12
        • Lecture15.1
          Introduction , Basic concepts , types of vector 34 min
        • Lecture15.2
          Position vector, distance between two points, section formula 44 min
        • Lecture15.3
          Numerical problem 02 min
        • Lecture15.4
          collinearity of points and coplanarity of vector 34 min
        • Lecture15.5
          Direction cosine 18 min
        • Lecture15.6
          Projection , Dot product, Cauchy- Schwarz inequality 24 min
        • Lecture15.7
          Numerical problem (dot product) 20 min
        • Lecture15.8
          Vector (Cross) product , Lagrange’s Identity 15 min
        • Lecture15.9
          Numerical problem (cross product) 38 min
        • Lecture15.10
          Numerical problem (cross product) 06 min
        • Lecture15.11
          Numerical problem (cross product) 22 min
        • Lecture15.12
          Chapter Notes – Vectors
      • 16.Three Dimensional Geometry
        7
        • Lecture16.1
          Introduction to 3D, axis in 3D, plane in 3D, Distance between two points 32 min
        • Lecture16.2
          Numerical problems , section formula , centroid of a triangle 35 min
        • Lecture16.3
          projection , angle between two lines 40 min
        • Lecture16.4
          Numerical Problem based on Direction ratio & cosine 02 min
        • Lecture16.5
          locus of any point 15 min
        • Lecture16.6
          Numerical Problem based on locus 16 min
        • Lecture16.7
          Chapter Notes – Three Dimensional Geometry
      • 17.Direction Cosine
        2
        • Lecture17.1
          Introduction 34 min
        • Lecture17.2
          Angle Between two vectors 25 min
      • 18.Plane
        3
        • Lecture18.1
          Introduction to plane , general equation of a plane , normal form 31 min
        • Lecture18.2
          Angle between two planes 30 min
        • Lecture18.3
          Distance of a point from a plane 29 min
      • 19.Straight Lines
        22
        • Lecture19.1
          Revision – Introduction, Equation of Line, Slope or Gradient of a line 24 min
        • Lecture19.2
          Revision – Sums Related to Finding the Slope, Angle Between two Lines 22 min
        • Lecture19.3
          Revision – Cases for Angle B/w two Lines, Different forms of Line Equation 23 min
        • Lecture19.4
          Revision – Sums Related Finding the Equation of Line 27 min
        • Lecture19.5
          Revision – Sums based on Previous Concepts of Straight line 32 min
        • Lecture19.6
          Revision – Parametric Form of a Straight Line 16 min
        • Lecture19.7
          Revision – Sums Related to Parametric Form of a Straight Line 17 min
        • Lecture19.8
          Revision – Sums Based on Concurrent of lines, Angle b/w Two Lines 45 min
        • Lecture19.9
          Revision – Different condition for Angle b/w two lines 04 min
        • Lecture19.10
          Revision – Sums Based on Angle b/w Two Lines 36 min
        • Lecture19.11
          Revision – Equation of Straight line Passes Through a Point and Make an Angle with Another Line 09 min
        • Lecture19.12
          Revision – Sums Based on Equation of Straight line Passes Through a Point and Make an Angle with Another Line 15 min
        • Lecture19.13
          Revision – Sums Based on Equation of Straight line Passes Through a Point and Make an Angle with Another Line 17 min
        • Lecture19.14
          Revision – Finding the Distance of a point from the line 35 min
        • Lecture19.15
          Revision – Sum Based on Finding the Distance of a point from the line and B/w Two Parallel Lines 33 min
        • Lecture19.16
          Introduction to straight line , symmetric form , Angle between the lines 27 min
        • Lecture19.17
          Numerical Problem 18 min
        • Lecture19.18
          Angle between two lines 32 min
        • Lecture19.19
          Unsymmetric form of Line 26 min
        • Lecture19.20
          Numerical problem , perpendicular distance of a point from a line 22 min
        • Lecture19.21
          Numerical Problem 21 min
        • Lecture19.22
          Numerical problem , Condition for a line lie on a plane 26 min
      • 20.Straight Lines (Vector)
        4
        • Lecture20.1
          Vector and Cartesian equation of a straight line 27 min
        • Lecture20.2
          Angle between two straight line 25 min
        • Lecture20.3
          Numerical problems 37 min
        • Lecture20.4
          Shortest Distance between two lines 22 min
      • 21.Linear Programming
        5
        • Lecture21.1
          Introduction to L.P. 30 min
        • Lecture21.2
          Numerical Problems 43 min
        • Lecture21.3
          Numerical Problems 23 min
        • Lecture21.4
          Numerical Problems 17 min
        • Lecture21.5
          Chapter Notes – Linear Programming
      • 22.Probability
        23
        • Lecture22.1
          Introduction to probability 41 min
        • Lecture22.2
          Types of events 42 min
        • Lecture22.3
          Numerical problems 30 min
        • Lecture22.4
          Conditional probability 12 min
        • Lecture22.5
          Numerical problems 09 min
        • Lecture22.6
          Numerical problems (conditional Probability) 04 min
        • Lecture22.7
          Numerical problems (conditional Probability) 06 min
        • Lecture22.8
          Numerical problems (conditional Probability) 05 min
        • Lecture22.9
          Numerical problems (conditional Probability) 06 min
        • Lecture22.10
          Bayes’ Theorem 17 min
        • Lecture22.11
          Numerical problem ( conditional Probability) 04 min
        • Lecture22.12
          Numerical problem ( Baye’s Theorem) 19 min
        • Lecture22.13
          Numerical problem ( Baye’s Theorem) 18 min
        • Lecture22.14
          Numerical problem ( Baye’s Theorem) 10 min
        • Lecture22.15
          Mean and Variance of a random variable 09 min
        • Lecture22.16
          Mean and Variance of a random variable 09 min
        • Lecture22.17
          Mean and Variance of a random variable 08 min
        • Lecture22.18
          Mean and Variance of a discrete random variable 07 min
        • Lecture22.19
          Numerical problem 18 min
        • Lecture22.20
          Bernoulli’s Trials & Binomial Distribution 11 min
        • Lecture22.21
          Numerical problem 12 min
        • Lecture22.22
          Mean and Variance of Binomial Distribution 05 min
        • Lecture22.23
          Chapter Notes – Probability
      • 23.Limits
        4
        • Lecture23.1
          Introduction to limits 35 min
        • Lecture23.2
          Numerical problems 27 min
        • Lecture23.3
          Rationalization 33 min
        • Lecture23.4
          Limits in trigonometry 29 min
      • 24.Partial Fractions
        4
        • Lecture24.1
          Introduction to partial fraction 27 min
        • Lecture24.2
          Partial Fractions 02 29 min
        • Lecture24.3
          Partial Fractions 03 17 min
        • Lecture24.4
          Improper partial fraction 20 min

        Chapter Notes – Relations and Functions

        Let A and B be two non-empty sets, then a function f from set A to set B is a rule which associates each element of A to a unique element of B.

        It is represented as f: A → B and function are also called mapping.
        f : A → B is called a real function, if A and B are subsets of R.

        Domain and Codomain of a Real Function

        Domain and codomain of a function f is a set of all real numbers x for which f(x) is a real number. Here, set A is domain and set B is codomain.

        Range of a Real Function

        Range of a real function, f is a set of values f(x) which it attains on the points of its domain.

        Classification of Real Functions

        Real functions are generally classified under two categories algebraic functions and transcendental functions.

        1. Algebraic Functions

        Some algebraic functions are given below
        (i) Polynomial Functions If a function y = f(x) is given by

        Polynomial Functions

        where, a0, a1, a2,…, an are real numbers and n is any non -negative integer, then f (x) is called a polynomial function in x.

        If a0 ≠ 0, then the degree of the polynomial f(x) is n. The domain of a polynomial function is the set of real number R.

        e.g., y = f(x) = 3x5 – 4x2 – 2x +1

        is a polynomial of degree 5.

         

        (ii) Rational Functions If a function y = f(x) is given by f(x) = φ(x) / Ψ(x)

        where, φ(x) and Ψ(x) are polynomial functions, then f(x) is called rational function in x.

        (iii) Irrational Functions The algebraic functions containing one or more terms having nonintegral rational power x are called irrational functions.
        e.g., y = f(x) = 2√x –3√x + 6

        2. Transcendental Function

        A. function, which is not algebraic, is called a transcendental function. Trigonometric, Inverse trigonometric, Exponential, Logarithmic, etc are transcendental functions.

        Explicit and Implicit Functions

        (i) Explicit Functions A function is said to be an explicit function, if it is expressed in the form y = f(x).

        (ii) Implicit Functions A function is said to be an implicit function, if it is expressed in the form f(x, y) = C, where C is constant.
        e.g., sin (x + y) – cos (x + y) = 2

        Intervals of a Function

        (i) The set of real numbers x, such that a ≤ x ≤ b is called a closed interval and denoted by [a, b] i.e., {x: x ∈ R, a ≤ x ≤ b}.

        (ii) Set of real number x, such that a < x < b is called open interval and is denoted by (a, b) i.e., {x: x ∈ R, a < x < b}

        (iii) Intervals [a,b) = {x: x ∈ R, a ≤ x ≤ b} and (a, b] = {x: x ≠ R, a < x ≤ b} are called semiopen and semi-closed intervals.

        Graph of Real Functions

        1. Constant Function Let c be a fixed real number.

        The function that associates to each real number x, this fixed number c is called a constant function i.e., y = f{x) = c for all x ∈ R.

        Domain of f{x) = R
        Range of f{x) = {c}

        Graph of Real Functions

        2. Identity Function

        The function that associates to each real number x for the same number x, is called the identity function. i.e., y = f(x) = x, ∀ x ∈

        R. Domain of f(x) = R
        Range f(x) = R

        Identity Function

        3. Linear Function

        If a and b be fixed real numbers, then the linear function is defmed as y = f(x) = ax + b, where a and b are constants.

        Domain of f(x) = R
        Range of f(x) = R

        The graph of a linear function is given in the following diagram, which is a straight line with slope a.

        Linear Function

        4. Quadratic Function

        If a, b and c are fixed real numbers, then the quadratic function is expressed as y = f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0 ⇒ y = a (x + b / 2a)2 + 4ac – b2 / 4a

        which is equation of a parabola in downward, if a < 0 and upward, if a > 0 and vertex at ( – b / 2a, 4ac – b2 / 4a).

        Domain of f(x) = R

        Range of f(x) is [ – ∞, 4ac – b2 / 4a], if a < 0 and [4ac – b2 / 4a, ∞], if a > 0 5. Square Root Function Square root function is defined by y = F(x) = √x, x ≥ 0.

        Quadratic Function

        5. Square Root Function

        Square root function is defined by y = F(x) = √x, x ≥ 0.

        Domain of f(x) = [0, ∞)
        Range of f(x) = [0, ∞)

        Square Root Function

        6. Exponential Function

        Exponential function is given by y = f(x) = ax, where a > 0, a ≠ 1.

        Exponential Function

        7. Logarithmic Function

        A logarithmic function may be given by y = f(x) = loga x, where a > 0, a ≠ 1 and x > 0.

        The graph of the function is as shown below. which is increasing, if a > 1 and decreasing, if 0 < a < 1.

        Logarithmic Function

        Domain of f(x) = (0, ∞)
        Range of f(x) = R

        8. Power Function

        The power function is given by y = f(x) = xn ,n ∈ I,n≠ 1, 0. The domain and range of the graph y = f(x), is depend on n.

        (a) If n is positive even integer.

        Power Function

        i.e., f(x) = x2, x4 ,….

        Domain of f(x) = R
        Range of f(x) = [0, ∞)

        (b) If n is positive odd integer.

        Power Function

        i.e., f(x) = x3, x5 ,….

        Domain of f(x) = R
        Range of f(x) = R

        (c) If n is negative even integer.

        i.e., f(x) = x– 2, x – 4 ,….

        Power Function

        Domain of f(x) = R – {0}
        Range of f(x) = (0, ∞)

        (d) If n is negative odd integer.

        Power Function

        i.e., f(x) = x– 1, x – 3 ,….

        Domain of f(x) = R – {0}
        Range of f(x) = R – {0}

         

        9. Modulus Function (Absolute Value Function)

        Modulus function is given by y = f(x) = |x| , where |x| denotes the absolute value of x, that is

        |x| = {x, if x ≥ 0, – x, if x < 0

        Modulus Function

        Domain of f(x) = R
        Range of f(x) = [0, &infi;)

        signum function

        Domain of f(x) = R
        Range of f(x) = {-1, 0, 1}

        11. Greatest Integer Function

        Greatest Integer Function

        The greatest integer function is defined as y = f(x) = [x]

        where, [x] represents the greatest integer less than or equal to x. i.e., for any integer n, [x] = n, if n ≤ x < n + 1 Domain of f(x) = R Range of f(x) = I

        Properties of Greatest Integer Function

        (i) [x + n] = n + [x], n ∈ I
        (ii) x = [x] + {x}, {x} denotes the fractional part of x.
        (iii) [- x] = – [x], -x ∈ I
        (iv) [- x] = – [x] – 1, x ∈ I
        (v) [x] ≥ n ⇒ x ≥ n,n ∈ I
        (vi) [x] > n ⇒ x ⇒ n+1, n ∈ I
        (vii) [x] ≤ n ⇒ x < n + 1, n ∈ I
        (viii) [x] < n ⇒ x < n, n ∈ I
        (ix) [x + y] = [x] + [y + x – [x}] for all x, y ∈ R
        (x) [x + y] ≥ [x] + [y]
        (xi) [x] + [x + 1 / n] + [x + 2 / n] +…+ [x + n – 1 / n] = [nx], n ∈ N

        12. Least Integer Function

        The least integer function which is greater than or equal to x and it is denoted by (x). Thus, (3.578) = 4, (0.87) = 1, (4) = 4, (- 8.239) = – 8, (- 0.7) = 0

        Least Integer Function

        In general, if n is an integer and x is any real number between n and (n + 1).
        i.e., n < x ≤ n + 1, then (x) = n + 1

        ∴ f(x) = (x)

        Domain of f = R
        Range of f= [x] + 1

        13. Fractional Part Function

        It is denoted as f(x) = {x} and defined as

        (i) {x} = f, if x = n + f, where n ∈ I and 0 ≤ f < 1
        (ii) {x} = x – [x]

        Fractional Part Function

        i.e., {O.7} = 0.7, {3} = 0, { – 3.6} = 0.4
        (iii) {x} = x, if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
        (iv) {x} = 0, if x ∈ I
        (v) { – x} = 1 – {x}, if x ≠ I

        Graph of Trigonometric Functions

        1. Graph of sin x

        Graph of sin x

        (i) Domain = R
        (ii) Range = [-1,1]
        (iii) Period = 2π

        2. Graph of cos x

        Graph of cos x

        (i) Domain = R
        (ii) Range = [-1,1]
        (iii) Period = 2π

        3.Graph of tan x

        Graph of tan x

        (i) Domain = R ~ (2n + 1) π / 2, n ∈ I
        (ii) Range = [- &infi;, &infi;]
        (iii) Period = π

        4. Graph of cot x

        Graph of cot x

        (i) Domain = R ~ nπ, n ∈ I
        (ii) Range = [- &infi;, &infi;]
        (iii) Period = π

        5. Graph of sec x

        Graph of sec x

        (i) Domain = R ~ (2n + 1) π / 2, n ∈ I
        (ii) Range = [- &infi;, 1] ∪ [1, &infi;)
        (iii) Period = 2π

        6. Graph of cosec x

        Graph of cosec x

        (i) Domain = R ~ nπ, n ∈ I
        (ii) Range = [- &infi;, – 1] ∪ [1, &infi;)
        (iii) Period = 2π

        Operations on Real Functions

        Let f: x → R and g : X → R be two real functions, then

        (i) Sum The sum of the functions f and g is defined as f + g : X → R such that (f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x).
        (ii) Product The product of the functions f and g is defined as fg : X → R, such that (fg) (x) = f(x) g(x) Clearly, f + g and fg are defined only, if f and g have the same domain. In case, the domain of f and g are different. Then, Domain of f + g or fg = Domain of f ∩ Domain of g.
        (iii) Multiplication by a Number Let f : X → R be a function and let e be a real number .
        Then, we define cf: X → R, such that (cf) (x) = cf (x), ∀ x ∈ X.
        (iv) Composition (Function of Function) Let f : A → B and g : B → C be two functions. We define gof : A → C, such that got (c) = g(f(x)), ∀ x ∈ A
        Alternate There exists Y ∈ B, such that if f(x) = y and g(y) = z, then got (x) = z

        Periodic Functions

        A function f(x) is said to be a periodic function of x, provided there exists a real number T > 0, such that F(T + x) = f(x), ∀ x ∈ R

        The smallest positive real number T, satisfying the above condition is known as the period or the fundamental period of f(x) ..

         

        Testing the Periodicity of a Function

        (i) Put f(T + x) = f(x) and solve this equation to find the positive values of T independent of x.
        (ii) If no positive value of T independent of x is obtained, then f(x) is a non-periodic function.
        (iii) If positive val~es ofT independent of x are obtained, then f(x) is a periodic function and the least positive value of T is the period of the function f(x).

        Important Points to be Remembered

        (i) Constant function is periodic with no fundamental period.
        (ii) If f(x) is periodic with period T, then 1 / f(x) and. √f(x) are also periodic with f(x) same period T.
        {iii} If f(x) is periodic with period T1 and g(x) is periodic with period T2, then f(x) + g(x) is periodic with period equal to LCM of T1 and T2, provided there is no positive k, such that f(k + x) = g(x) and g(k + x) = f(x).
        (iv) If f(x) is periodic with period T, then kf (ax + b) is periodic with period T / |a|’ where a, b ,k ∈ R and a, k ≠ 0.
        (v) sin x, cos x, sec x and cosec x are periodic functions with period 2π.
        (vi) tan x and cot x are periodic functions with period π.
        (vii) |sin x|, |cos x|, |tan x|, |cot x|, |sec x| and |cosec x| are periodic functions with period π.
        (viii) sinn x, cosn x, secn x and cosecnx are periodic functions with period 2π when n is odd, or π when n is even .
        (ix) tann x and cotnx are periodic functions with period π.
        (x) |sin x| + |cos x|, |tan x| + |cot x| and |sec x| + |cosec x| are periodic with period π / 2.

        Even and Odd Functions

        Even Functions A real function f(x) is an even function, if f( -x) = f(x).
        Odd Functions A real function f(x) is an odd function, if f( -x) = – f(x).

        Properties of Even and Odd Functions

        (i) Even function ± Even function = Even function.
        (ii) Odd function ± Odd function = Odd function.
        (iii) Even function * Odd function = Odd function.
        (iv) Even function * Even function = Even function.
        (v) Odd function * Odd function = Even function.
        (vi) gof or fog is even, if anyone of f and g or both are even.
        (vii) gof or fog is odd, if both of f and g are odd.
        (viii) If f(x) is an even function, then d / dx f(x) or ∫ f(x) dx is odd and if dx .. f(x) is an odd function, then d / dx f(x) or ∫ f(x) dx is even.
        (ix) The graph of an even function is symmetrical about Y-axis.
        (x) The graph of an odd function is symmetrical about origin or symmetrical in opposite quadrants.
        (xi) An even function can never be one-one, however an odd function mayor may not be oneone.

        Different Types of Functions (Mappings)

        1. One-One and Many-One Function

        The mapping f: A → B is a called one-one function, if different elements in A have different images in B. Such a mapping is known as injective function or an injection.

        Methods to Test One-One

        (i) Analytically If x1, x2 ∈ A, then f(x1) = f(x2) => x1 = x2 or equivalently x1 ≠ x2 => f(x1) ≠ f(x2)
        (ii) Graphically If any .line parallel to x-axis cuts the graph of the function atmost at one point, then the function is one-one.
        (iii) Monotonically Any function, which is entirely increasing or decreasing in whole domain, then f(x) is one-one.
        Number of One-One Functions Let f : A → B be a function, such that A and B are finite sets having m and n elements respectively, (where, n > m).
        The number of one-one functions n(n – 1)(n – 2) …(n – m + 1) = { nPm, n ≥ m, 0, n < m
        The function f : A → B is called many – one function, if two or more than two different elements in A have the same image in B.

        2. Onto (Surjective) and Into Function

        If the function f: A → B is such that each element in B (codomain) is the image of atleast one element of A, then we say that f is a function of A ‘onto’ B.
        Thus, f: A → B, such that f(A) = i.e., Range = Codomain Note Every polynomial function f: R → R of degree odd is onto.
        Number of Onto (surjective) Functions Let A and B are finite sets having m and n elements respectively, such that 1 ≤ n ≤ m, then number of onto (surjective) functions from A to B is nΣr = 1 (- 1)n – r nCr rm = Coefficient ofn in n! (ex – 1)r If f : A → B is such that there exists atleast one element in codomain which is not the image of
        Thus, f : A → B, such that f(A) ⊂ B
        i.e., Range ⊂ Codomain

         

        Important Points to be Remembered

        (i) If f and g are injective, then fog and gof are injective.
        (ii) If f and g are surjective, then fog is surjective.
        (iii) Iff and g are bijective, then fog is bijective.

        Inverse of a Function

        Let f : A → B is a bijective function, i.e., it is one-one and onto function.

        Inverse of a Function

        We define g : B → A, such that f(x) = y => g(y) = x, g is called inverse of f and vice-versa.
        Symbolically, we write g = f-1
        Thus, f(x) = y => f-1(y) = x

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