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      Class 11 MATHS – JEE

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      • Class 11
      • Class 11 MATHS – JEE
      CoursesClass 11MathsClass 11 MATHS – JEE
      • 1.Sets, Relation and Functions
        12
        • Lecture1.1
          Introduction to sets, Description of sets 32 min
        • Lecture1.2
          Types of Sets, Subsets 39 min
        • Lecture1.3
          Intervals, Venn Diagrams, Operations on Sets 37 min
        • Lecture1.4
          Laws of Algebra of Sets 26 min
        • Lecture1.5
          Introduction to sets and its types, operations of sets, Venn Diagrams 28 min
        • Lecture1.6
          Functions and its Types 38 min
        • Lecture1.7
          Functions Types 17 min
        • Lecture1.8
          Cartesian Product of Sets, Relation, Domain and Range 40 min
        • Lecture1.9
          Sum Related to Relations 04 min
        • Lecture1.10
          Sums Related to Relations, Domain and Range 22 min
        • Lecture1.11
          Chapter Notes – Sets, Relation and Functions
        • Lecture1.12
          NCERT Solutions – Sets, Relation and Functions
      • 2.Trigonometric Functions
        28
        • Lecture2.1
          Introduction, Some Identities and Some Sums 16 min
        • Lecture2.2
          Some Sums Related to Trigonometry Identities, trigonometry Functions Table and Its Quadrants 35 min
        • Lecture2.3
          NCERT Sums Ex.3.3 (Q.1-5)Based on Trigometry table and Their Quadrants, Trigonometry Identities of Sum and Diff. of two Angles 21 min
        • Lecture2.4
          NCERT Sums Ex-3.2 Based on Trigonometry Function of Lower & Higher Angles 22 min
        • Lecture2.5
          NCERT Sums Ex-3.3 (Q.6 – 10) Based on Radian Angles 11 min
        • Lecture2.6
          NCERT Sums Ex-3.3 (Q.11-13)Based on Trigonometry Identities 16 min
        • Lecture2.7
          NCERT Sums Ex-3.3 (Q. 14)Based on Trigonometry Identities 14 min
        • Lecture2.8
          NCERT Sums Ex-3.3 (Q.16) Based on Trigonometry Identities 05 min
        • Lecture2.9
          NCERT Sums Ex-3.3 (Q.17 -21) Based on Trigonometry Identities 12 min
        • Lecture2.10
          NCERT Sums Ex-3.4 (Q. 1 – 9), Trigonometry Equation 25 min
        • Lecture2.11
          Sums Based on Trigonometry Equations 24 min
        • Lecture2.12
          Sums Based on Trigonometry Equations 11 min
        • Lecture2.13
          Sums Based on Trigonometry Equations 11 min
        • Lecture2.14
          Sums Based on Trigonometry Equations 17 min
        • Lecture2.15
          Equations Having two Variable Angle which satisfy both equations 10 min
        • Lecture2.16
          Trigonometrical Identities-Some important relations and Its related Sums 16 min
        • Lecture2.17
          Sums Related to Trigonometrical Identities 18 min
        • Lecture2.18
          Properties of Triangles and Solution of Triangles-Sine formula, Napier Analogy and Sums 17 min
        • Lecture2.19
          Relation Between Degree and Radian, Quadrant and NCERT Sum Ex.3.1, 3.2 41 min
        • Lecture2.20
          Trigonometric Functions Table 09 min
        • Lecture2.21
          Some Trigonometric Identities and its related Sums 42 min
        • Lecture2.22
          Sums Related to Trigonometrical Identities 19 min
        • Lecture2.23
          Sums Related to Trigonometrical Identities 41 min
        • Lecture2.24
          Sums Related to Trigonometrical Identities 23 min
        • Lecture2.25
          Trigonometry Equations 44 min
        • Lecture2.26
          Sum Based on Trigonometry Equations 07 min
        • Lecture2.27
          Sums Based on Trigonometry function of Lower Angle 03 min
        • Lecture2.28
          Chapter Notes – Trigonometric Functions
      • 3.Mathematical Induction
        5
        • Lecture3.1
          Introduction to PMI 25 min
        • Lecture3.2
          NCERT Solution of EX- 4.1 14 min
        • Lecture3.3
          NCERT Solution of EX- 4.1 22 min
        • Lecture3.4
          NCERT Solution of EX- 4.1 13 min
        • Lecture3.5
          Chapter Notes – Mathematical Induction
      • 4.Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equation
        15
        • Lecture4.1
          Introduction, Nature of Roots, Numbers, Introduction of i 27 min
        • Lecture4.2
          Sum Related to Relations, Real and Imaginary part of C-N, Conjugate of a C-N 33 min
        • Lecture4.3
          Absolute value or Modulus of a C-N and Related Sums 29 min
        • Lecture4.4
          Sums Related To Multiplicative Inverse 29 min
        • Lecture4.5
          Polar Form of a C-N 32 min
        • Lecture4.6
          Sums Related To Polar Form 32 min
        • Lecture4.7
          Square Roots of C-N and its Related Sums 28 min
        • Lecture4.8
          De Moivris Theorem and its related Sums 31 min
        • Lecture4.9
          Introduction, Nature of Roots, Numbers, Introduction of i and its Sums, Real and Imaginary Part of C-N 35 min
        • Lecture4.10
          Sums Related to Real and Imaginary Part of C-N and Operations on C-N 13 min
        • Lecture4.11
          Sums Related To Multiplicative Inverse 07 min
        • Lecture4.12
          Sums Related To Multiplicative Inverse and Modulus and Argument of a C-N 33 min
        • Lecture4.13
          Polar form of a C-N, Nature of Roots 38 min
        • Lecture4.14
          Sums Based on Roots of Quadratic Equations, Sums of Polar form 10 min
        • Lecture4.15
          Chapter Notes – Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equation
      • 5.Linear Inequalities
        4
        • Lecture5.1
          Introduction, Solve some Linear Inequalities and its Graph 42 min
        • Lecture5.2
          Solve some Linear Inequalities and its Graph 12 min
        • Lecture5.3
          Solve some Linear Inequalities and its Graph and Introduction-Permutations and Combinations 35 min
        • Lecture5.4
          Chapter Notes – Linear Inequalities
      • 6.Permutations and Combinations
        5
        • Lecture6.1
          NCERT Sums Ex-7.3, Equation 41 min
        • Lecture6.2
          NCERT Sums Ex-7.3, Equation 02 min
        • Lecture6.3
          Combination and NCERT Sums Ex-7.4 40 min
        • Lecture6.4
          NCERT Sums Ex-7.1 & 7.2 22 min
        • Lecture6.5
          Chapter Notes – Permutations and Combinations
      • 7.Binomial Theorem
        19
        • Lecture7.1
          Introduction to Binomial Theorem 21 min
        • Lecture7.2
          Binomial General Expansion and Their Derivations and its Related Sums 22 min
        • Lecture7.3
          Pascal’s Triangle Theorem, Addition of Two Expansion, NCERT Sums Ex-8.1 26 min
        • Lecture7.4
          Sums of Miscellaneous Exercise and Ex-8.1, Finding the Any Term from nth Term 42 min
        • Lecture7.5
          NCERT Sums Ex-8.1 14 min
        • Lecture7.6
          NCERT Sums Ex-8.1 04 min
        • Lecture7.7
          NCERT Sums Ex-8.2, Middle Term 21 min
        • Lecture7.8
          NCERT Sums Ex-8.2, Middle Term Related Sums 08 min
        • Lecture7.9
          To Find the Coefficient of X^r in the Expansion of (X+A)^n, NCERT Sums Ex-8.2 and Miscellaneous Ex. 40 min
        • Lecture7.10
          NCERT Sums Ex-8.2 10 min
        • Lecture7.11
          To Find the Sum of the Coefficients in the Expansion of (1+x)^n and its Related Sums 27 min
        • Lecture7.12
          Sums Related to Binomials Coefficients 24 min
        • Lecture7.13
          Binomial Theorem for any Index and its Related Sums 27 min
        • Lecture7.14
          Introduction to Binomial Theorem, General Term in the Expansion of (x+a)^n. 39 min
        • Lecture7.15
          NCERT Sums Ex-8.1 & 8.2, Pascals’ Triangle, pth Term from End 24 min
        • Lecture7.16
          Sums related to Finding the Coefficient, NCERT Sums Ex-8.2, Middle Term 40 min
        • Lecture7.17
          Sums Related to Middle Term 17 min
        • Lecture7.18
          Sums Related to Coefficient of the Any Term 31 min
        • Lecture7.19
          Chapter Notes – Binomial Theorem
      • 8.Sequences and Series
        14
        • Lecture8.1
          Introduction, A.P., nth Term and Sum of nth Term, P Arithmetic Mean B/w a and b, Sum Based on Fibonacci Sequence 27 min
        • Lecture8.2
          NCERT Sums Ex-9.2 37 min
        • Lecture8.3
          NCERT Sums Ex-9.2 18 min
        • Lecture8.4
          NCERT Sums Ex-9.2, Geometric Progression -Introduction, nth term, NCERT Sums Ex-9.3 39 min
        • Lecture8.5
          NCERT Sums Ex-9.3 16 min
        • Lecture8.6
          Sum of n term of G.P., NCERT Sums Ex-9.3 40 min
        • Lecture8.7
          NCERT Sums Ex-9.3 08 min
        • Lecture8.8
          NCERT Sums Ex-9.3, Insert P Geometrical Mean B/w a and b 36 min
        • Lecture8.9
          NCERT Sum Ex-9.3 17 min
        • Lecture8.10
          NCERT Sum Ex-9.3 09 min
        • Lecture8.11
          Some Special Series, NCERT Sum Ex-9.4 36 min
        • Lecture8.12
          NCERT Sum Ex-9.4 02 min
        • Lecture8.13
          NCERT Sum Ex-9.4 18 min
        • Lecture8.14
          Chapter Notes – Sequences and Series
      • 9.Properties of Triangles
        2
        • Lecture9.1
          Sine 7 Cosine Rule, Projection Formulae, Napier’s Analogy, Incircle, Some Sums 41 min
        • Lecture9.2
          Angle of Elevations and Depression. and Its Related Sums 13 min
      • 10.Straight Lines
        30
        • Lecture10.1
          Introduction, Equation of Line, Slope or Gradient of a line 24 min
        • Lecture10.2
          Sums Related to Finding the Slope, Angle Between two Lines 22 min
        • Lecture10.3
          Cases for Angle B/w two Lines, Different forms of Line Equation 23 min
        • Lecture10.4
          Sums Related Finding the Equation of Line 27 min
        • Lecture10.5
          Sums based on Previous Concepts of Straight line 32 min
        • Lecture10.6
          Parametric Form of a Straight Line 16 min
        • Lecture10.7
          Sums Related to Parametric Form of a Straight Line 16 min
        • Lecture10.8
          Sums Based on Concurrent of lines, Angle b/w Two Lines 45 min
        • Lecture10.9
          Different condition for Angle b/w two lines 04 min
        • Lecture10.10
          Sums Based on Angle b/w Two Lines 36 min
        • Lecture10.11
          Equation of Straight line Passes Through a Point and Make an Angle with Another Line 09 min
        • Lecture10.12
          Sums Based on Equation of Straight line Passes Through a Point and Make an Angle with Another Line 15 min
        • Lecture10.13
          Sums Based on Equation of Straight line Passes Through a Point and Make an Angle with Another Line 17 min
        • Lecture10.14
          Finding the Distance of a point from the line 34 min
        • Lecture10.15
          Sum Based on Finding the Distance of a point from the line and B/w Two Parallel Lines 33 min
        • Lecture10.16
          Sums Based on Find the Equation of Bisector of Angle Between two intersecting Lines 44 min
        • Lecture10.17
          Sums Based on Find the Equation of Bisector of Angle Between two intersecting Lines 02 min
        • Lecture10.18
          Introduction, Distance B/w Two Points, Slope, Equation of Line 32 min
        • Lecture10.19
          NCERT Sums Ex-10.1 43 min
        • Lecture10.20
          NCERT Sums Ex-10.1 29 min
        • Lecture10.21
          NCERT Sums Ex-10.1 & 10.2 43 min
        • Lecture10.22
          NCERT Sums Ex-10.2 30 min
        • Lecture10.23
          NCERT Sums Ex-10.2 41 min
        • Lecture10.24
          NCERT Sums Ex-10.2 & 10.3 21 min
        • Lecture10.25
          NCERT Sums Ex- 10.3 (Reduce the Equation into intercept Form, Normal form) 42 min
        • Lecture10.26
          NCERT Sums Ex-10.3 21 min
        • Lecture10.27
          NCERT Sums Ex-10.3 (Equation of Parallel line, Perpendicular Line of given line, Sums Based of Angle B/w Two Lines) 42 min
        • Lecture10.28
          NCERT Sums Ex-10.3 09 min
        • Lecture10.29
          NCERT Sums Ex-10.3 26 min
        • Lecture10.30
          Chapter Notes – Straight Lines
      • 11.Conic Sections
        21
        • Lecture11.1
          Introduction, General Equation of second Degree, Parabola, Sums based on Finding Equation of Parabola 41 min
        • Lecture11.2
          Sums Based on Equation of Parabola, Four Forms of Parabola-Form (i) 30 min
        • Lecture11.3
          Sums Based on Four Forms of Parabola-Form (i) 32 min
        • Lecture11.4
          Four Forms of Parabola-Form (ii), (iii) (iv) 13 min
        • Lecture11.5
          Sums Based on Four forms of Parabola 18 min
        • Lecture11.6
          Position of a Point with Respect to Parabola and its Sums 43 min
        • Lecture11.7
          Circles-Introduction, Different Cases for Circle Equations, NCERT Sums Ex-11.1 16 min
        • Lecture11.8
          NCERT Sums Ex-11.1 40 min
        • Lecture11.9
          Circle Important Point Revise, Intersection of Axes, NCERT Sums Ex-11.1 11 min
        • Lecture11.10
          NCERT Sums Ex-11.1 44 min
        • Lecture11.11
          Parabola- Introduction, General Equation , Sums, Some Important Concepts for Parabola 12 min
        • Lecture11.12
          Different Form of Parabola, NCERT Sum Ex-11.2 13 min
        • Lecture11.13
          NCERT Sum Ex-11.2 34 min
        • Lecture11.14
          Ellipse-Introduction, General Equation, NCERT Sums Ex-11.3 36 min
        • Lecture11.15
          NCERT Sums Ex-11.3 02 min
        • Lecture11.16
          NCERT Sums Ex-11.3 23 min
        • Lecture11.17
          Hyperbola-Introduction, NCERT Sums Ex-11.4 12 min
        • Lecture11.18
          NCERT Sums Ex-11.4 25 min
        • Lecture11.19
          Chapter Notes – Conic Sections Circles
        • Lecture11.20
          Chapter Notes – Conic Sections Ellipse
        • Lecture11.21
          Chapter Notes – Conic Sections Parabola
      • 12.Coordinate Geometry
        8
        • Lecture12.1
          Introduction to Rectangular Cartesian Coordinate Geometry (2D), Distance b/w two points 23 min
        • Lecture12.2
          Cartesian Coordinate of points 32 min
        • Lecture12.3
          Questions rel to cartesian coordinate of points 25 min
        • Lecture12.4
          Section Formula – Case 1, Case 2 24 min
        • Lecture12.5
          Problem Solving 26 min
        • Lecture12.6
          Centeroid, Incenter, Circumcenter of a triangle 30 min
        • Lecture12.7
          Locus Problems 17 min
        • Lecture12.8
          Problem Solving 21 min
      • 13.Three Dimensional Geometry
        3
        • Lecture13.1
          Introduction to 3D 18 min
        • Lecture13.2
          Numerical problems 14 min
        • Lecture13.3
          Chapter Notes – Three Dimensional Geometry
      • 14.Limits And Derivatives
        12
        • Lecture14.1
          Introduction to limits 42 min
        • Lecture14.2
          EX-13.1 16 min
        • Lecture14.3
          Questions based on algebra of limits 41 min
        • Lecture14.4
          Limits of a polynomial 12 min
        • Lecture14.5
          rational function 37 min
        • Lecture14.6
          trigo function 21 min
        • Lecture14.7
          Introduction to Derivatives 37 min
        • Lecture14.8
          Ex-13.2 22 min
        • Lecture14.9
          Algebra of derivatives 38 min
        • Lecture14.10
          Derivative of polynomial 13 min
        • Lecture14.11
          trigo function 11 min
        • Lecture14.12
          Chapter Notes – Limits And Derivatives
      • 15.Mathematical Reasoning
        3
        • Lecture15.1
          What is statement ? Special word and phrases, negation of statement , Compound statement , and & or in compound statement , truth table Solving the problems of Ex- 14.1 , 14.2 25 min
        • Lecture15.2
          Solving Ex-14.3, Ex-14.4, Implications, Validating statements, Ex-14.5, Direct method 24 min
        • Lecture15.3
          Chapter Notes – Mathematical Reasoning
      • 16.Statistics
        5
        • Lecture16.1
          Mean, Median, Mode, Range, Mean Deviation Solution of Ex-15.1 27 min
        • Lecture16.2
          Mean Deviation about Mean & Median, Ex-15.2, Mean and Variance, Standard deviation 35 min
        • Lecture16.3
          Ex-15.2 , Variance and Standard deviation 09 min
        • Lecture16.4
          Ex-15.3, Analysis of frequency distribution, comparison of two frequency distribution with same mean 23 min
        • Lecture16.5
          Chapter Notes – Statistics
      • 17.Probability
        3
        • Lecture17.1
          Outcomes & sample space, Ex. 16.3 19 min
        • Lecture17.2
          Ex.16.3, Probability of an event, Algebra of event 38 min
        • Lecture17.3
          Chapter Notes – Probability
      • 18.Binary Number
        2
        • Lecture18.1
          Binary numbers, Conversion of Binary to Decimal and Decimal to binary 45 min
        • Lecture18.2
          Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division 02 min

        Chapter Notes – Straight Lines

        Coordinate Geometry

        The branch of Mathematics in which geometrical problem is solved through algebra by using the coordinate system is known as coordinate geometry.

        Rectangular Axis

        Let XOX’ and YOY’ be two fixed straight lines, which meet at right angles at O. Then,

        1. X’OX is called axis of X or the X-axis or abscissa.
        2. Y’OY is called axis of Yor the Y-axis or ordinate.
        3. The ordered pair of real numbers (x, y) is called cartesian coordinate .

        Quadrants

        The X and Y-axes divide the coordinate plane into four parts, each part is called a quadrant which is given below.

        Polar Coordinates

        In ΔOPQ,

        cos θ = x / r and sin θ = y / r ⇒ x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ where, r = √x2 + y2

        The polar coordinate is represented by the symbol P(r,θ).

        Distance Formula

        1. Distance between two points P (x1, y1) and Q (x2, y2), is

        √(x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2.

        1. If points are (r1 , θ1) arid (r2, θ2), then distance between them is

        √r2 + r2 – 2r r cos(θ – θ ).

        1 2 1 2 1 2

        1. Distance of a point (x1, y1) from the origin is √x21 + y21.

         

        Section Formula

        1. The coordinate of the point which divides the joint of (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in the ratio m1 : m2 internally, is

        1. X-axis divides the line segment joining (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in the ratio – y1 : y2.

        Similarly, Y-axis divides the same line segment in the ratio – x1 : x2.

        1. Mid-point of the joint of (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is (x1 + x2 / 2 , y1 + y2 / 2)
        2. Centroid of ΔABC with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3), is (x1 + x2 + x3 / 3 , y1 + y2 + y3 / 3).
        3. Circumcentre of ΔABC with vertices A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3), is

        1. Incentre of Δ ABC with vertices A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) and whose sides are a, band c, is

        (ax1 + bx2 + cx3 / a + b + c , ay1 + by2 + cy3 / a + b + c).

        1. Excentre of ΔABC with vertices A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) and whose sides are a, band c, is given by

        Area of Triangle/Quadrilateral

        1. Area of ΔABC with vertices A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3), is

        These points A, Band C will be collinear, if Δ = O.

        1. Area of the quadrilateral formed by joining the vertices

        1. Area of trapezium formed by joining the vertices

         

        Shifting/Rotation of Origin/Axes Shifting of Origin

        Let the origin is shifted to a point O'(h, k). If P(x, y) are coordinates of a point referred to old axes and P’ (X, Y) are the coordinates of the same points referred to new axes, then

        Rotation of Axes

        Let (x, y) be the coordinates of any point P referred to the old axes and (X, Y) be its coordinates referred to the new axes (after rotating the old axes by angle θ). Then,

        X = x cos θ + y sin θ and Y = y cos θ + x sin θ

        Shifting of Origin and Rotation of Axes

        If origin is shifted to point (h, k) and system is also rotated by an angle θ in anti-clockwise, then coordinate of new point P’ (x’, y’) is obtained by replacing

        x’= h + x cos θ + y sin θ

        and y’ = k – x sin θ + y cos θ

        Locus

        The curve described by a point which moves under given condition(s) is called its locus.

        Equation of Locus

        The equation of the locus of a point which is satisfied by the coordinates of every point.

        Algorithm to Find the Locus of a Point

        Step I Assume the coordinates of the point say (h,k) whose locus is to be found.

        Step II Write the given condition in mathematical form involving h, k.

        Step III Eliminate the variable(s), if any.

        Step IV Replace h by x and k by y in the result obtained in step III. The equation so obtained is the locus of the point, which moves under some stated condition(s).

        Straight Line

        Any curve is said to be a straight line, if two points are taken on the curve such that every point on the line segment joining any two points on it lies on the curve.

        General equation of a line is ax + by + c = o.

        Slope (Gradient) of a Line )

        The trigonometric tangent of the angle that a line makes with the positive direction of the X- axis in anti-clockwise sense is called the slope or gradient of the line.

        So, slope of a line, m = tan θ

        where, θ is the angle made by the line with positive direction of X-axis.

         

        Important Results on Slope of Line

        1. Slope of a line parallel to X-axis, m = 0.
        2. Slope of a line parallel to Y-axis, m = ∞.
        3. Slope of a line equally inclined with axes is 1 or -1 as it makes an angle of 45° or 135°, with X-axis.

        (iV) Slope of a line passing through (x, y,) and (x2, y2) is given by m = tan θ = y2 – y1 / x2 – x1.

        Angle between Two Lines

        The angle e between two lines having slopes m1 and m2 is

        1. Two lines are parallel, iff m1 = m2.
        2. Two lines are perpendicular to each other, iff m1m2 = – 1.

        Equation of a Straight Line

        General equation of a straight line is Ax + By + C = 0.

        1. The equation of a line parallel to X-axis at a distance b from it, is given by y = b
        2. The equation of a line parallel to Y-axis at a distance a from it, is given by x = a
        3. Equation of X-axis is y = 0
        4. Equation of Y-axis is x = 0

        Different Form of the Equation of a Straight Line

        1. Slope Intercept Form The equation of a line with slope m and making an intercept c on Y- axis, is

        y = mx + c

        If the line passes through the origin, then its equation will be y= mx

        1. One Point Slope Form The equation of a line which passes through the point (x1, y1) and has the slope of m is given by

        (y – y1) = m (x – x1)

        1. Two Points Form The equation of a line’ passing through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by

        (y – y1) = (y2 – y1 / x2 – x1) (x – x1)

        This equation can also be determined by the determinant method, that is

        1. The Intercept Form The equation of a line which cuts off intercept a and b respectively on the X and Y-axes is given by

        x / a + y / b = 1

        The general equation Ax + By + C = 0 can be converted into the intercept form, as x / – (C A) + y / – (C B) = 1

        1. The Normal Form The equation of a straight line upon which the length of the perpendicular from the origin is p and angle made by this perpendicular to the X-axis is α, is given by

        x cos α + Y sin α = p

         

        1. The Distance (Parametric) Form The equation of a straight line passing through (x1, y1) and making an angle θ with the positive direction of x-axis, is

        x – x1 / cos θ = y – y1 / sin θ = r

        where, r is the distance between two points P(x, y) and Q(x1, y1).

        Thus, the coordinates of any point on the line at a distance r from the given point (x1, y1) are (x1 + r cos θ, y1 + r sin θ). If P is on the right side of (x1, y1) then r is positive and if P is on the left side of (x1, y1) then r is negative.

        Position of Point(s) Relative to a Given Line

        Let the equation of the given line be ax + by + C = 0 and let the Coordinates of the two given points be P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2).

        1. The two points are on the same side of the straight line ax + by + c = 0, if ax1 + by1 + c and ax2 + by2 + c have the same sign.
        2. The two points are on the opposite side of the straight line ax + by + c = 0, if ax1 + by1 + c and ax2 + by2 + c have opposite sign.
        3. A point (x1, y1) will lie on the side of the origin relative to a line ax + by + c = 0, if ax1 + by1 + c and c have the same sign.
        4. A point (x1, y1) will lie on the opposite side of the origin relative to a line ax + by + c = 0, if ax1 + by1 + c and c have the opposite sign.
        5. Condition of concurrency for three given lines ax1 + by1 + c1 = 0, ax2 + by2 + c2 and ax3 + by3 + c3 = 0 is a3(b1c2 – b2c1) + b3(c1a2 – a1c2) + c3(a1b2 – a2b1) = 0

        or 

        1. Point of Intersection of Two Lines Let equation of lines be ax1 + by1 + c1 = 0 and ax2 + by2 + c2 = 0, then their point of intersection is

        (b1c2 – b2c1 / a1b2 – a2b1, c1a2 – c2a1 / a1b2 – a2b1).

        Line Parallel and Perpendicular to a Given Line

        1. The equation of a line parallel to a given line ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by + λ = 0, where λ is a constant.
        2. The equation of a line perpendicular to a given line ax + by + c = is bx – ay + λ = 0, where λ is a constant.

        Image of a Point with Respect to a Line

        Let the image of a point (x1, y1) with respect to ax + by + c = 0 be (x2, y2), then x2 – x1 / a = y2 – y1 / b = – 2 (ax1 + by1 + c) / a2 + b2

        1. The image of the point P(x1, y1) with respect to X-axis is Q(x1 – y1).
        2. The image of the point P(x1, y1) with respect to Y-axis is Q(-x1, y1).
        3. The image of the point P(x1, y1) with respect to mirror Y = x is Q(y1, x1).
        4. The image. of the point P(x1, y1) with respect to the line mirror y == x tan θ is x = x1 cos 2θ + y1 sin 2θ

        Y = x1 sin 2θ – y1 cos 2θ

        1. The image of the point P(x1, y1) with respect to the origin is the point (-x1, y1).
        2. The length of perpendicular from a point (x1, y1) to a line ax + by + c = 0 is

        Equation of the Bisectors

        The equation of the bisectors of the angle between the lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0

        and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are given by

        a1x + b1y + c1 / √a21 + b21 = &plusmn a2x + b2y + c2 / √a22 + b22

        1. If a1 a2 + b1 b2 > 0, then we take positive sign for obtuse and negative sign for acute.
        2. If a1 a2 + b1 b2 < 0, then we take negative sign for obtuse and positive sign for acute.

         

        Pair of Lines

        General equation of a pair of straight lines is ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.

        Homogeneous Equation of Second Degree

        A rational, integral, algebraic equation in two variables x and y is said to be a homogeneous equation of the second degree, if the sum of the indices of x and y in each term is equal to 2.

        The general form of homogeneous equation of the second degree x and y is ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, which passes through the origin.

        Important Properties

        If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 be an equation of pair of straight lines.

        1. Slope of first line, m1 = – h + √h2 – ab / b and slope of second line, m2 = – h – √h2 – ab / b

        m1 + m2 = – 2h / b = – Coefficient of xy / Coefficient of y2 and m1 m2 = a / b = Coefficient of x2 / Coefficient of y2 Here, m1 and m2 are

        1. real and distinct, if h2 > ab.
        2. coincident, if h2 = ab.
        3. imaginary, if h2 < ab.
        4. Angle between the pair of lines is given by tan θ = 2√h2 – ab / a + b
        5. If lines are coincident, then h2 = ab
        6. If lines are perpendicular, then a + b = o.
        7. The joint equation of bisector of the angles between the lines represented by the equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is

        x2 – b2 / a – b = xy / h ⇒ hx2 – (a – b)xy – hy2=0.

        1. The necessary and sufficient condition ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + C = 0 to represent a pair of straight lines, if abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0

        or 

        1. The equation of the bisectors of the angles between the lines represented by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 are given by

        (x – x1)2 – (y – y1)2 / a – b = (x – x1) (y – y1) / h,

        where, (x1, y1) is the point of intersection of the lines represented by the given equation.

        1. The general equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + C = 0 will represent two parallel lines, if g2 – ac > 0 and a / h = h / b = g / f and the distance between them is 2√g2 – ac / a(a +

        b) or 2√f2 – bc / b(a + b).

        1. If the equation of a pair of straight lines is ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + C = 0, then the point of intersection is given by

        (hf – bg / ab – h2, gh – af / ab – h2).

        1. The equation of the pair of lines through the origin and perpendicular to the pair of lines given by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is bx2 – 2hxy + ay2 = 0.
        2. Equation of the straight lines having the origin to the points of intersection of a second degree curve ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and a straight line Lx + my + n = 0 is

        ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx(Lx + my / – n) + 2fy(Lx + my / – n) + c (Lx + my / – n)2 = 0.

        Important Points to be Remembered

        1. A triangle is an isosceles, if any two of its median are equal.
        2. In an equilateral triangle, orthocentre, centroid, circumcentre, incentre coincide.
        3. The circumcentre of a right angled triangle is the mid-point of the hypotenuse.
        4. Orthocentre, centroid, circumcentre of a triangle are collinear, Centroid divides the line joining orthocentre and circumcentre in the ratio 2: 1.
        5. If D, E and F are the mid-point of the sides BC, CA and AB of MBC, then the centroid of Δ ABC = centroid of Δ DEF.
        6. Orthocentre of the right angled Δ ABC, right angled at A is A
        7. Circumcentre of the right angled Δ ABC, right angled at A is B + C / 2.
        8. The distance of a point (x1, y1) from the ax + by + c = 0 is d = |ax1 + by1 + c / √a2 + b2|
        9. Distance between two parallel lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a1x + b1y + c2 = 0 is given by d = |c2 – c1 / √a2 + b2|.
        10. The area of the triangle formed by the lines y =m1x + c1, y = m2x + c2 and y = m3x + c3 is .

         .

        1. Area of the triangle formed by the line ax + by + c = 0 with the coordinate axes is Δ = c2 / 2|ab|.
        2. The foot of the perpendicular(h,k) from (x1, y1) to the line ax + by + c = 0 is given by h – x1 / a = k – y1 / b = – (ax1 + by1 + c) / a2 + b2.
        3. Area of rhombus formed by ax ± by ± c = 0 is |2c2 / ab|.
        4. Area of the parallelogram formed by the lines

        a1x + b1y + c1 = 0, a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, a1x + b1y + d1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + d2 = 0 is

        |(d1 – c1) (d2 – c2 / a1b2 – a2b1|.

        1. (a) Foot of the perpendicular from (a, b) on x – y = 0 is (a + b / 2, a + b / 2).

        (b) Foot of the perpendicular from (a,b) on x + y = 0 is (a – b / 2, a – b / 2).

        1. The image of the line a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 about the line ax + by + c = 0 is .

        2(aa1 + bb1) (ax + by + c) =(a2+ b2) (a1x + b1y + c1).

        1. Given two vertices (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) of an equilateral MBC, then its third vertex is given by.

        [x1 + x2 ± √3 (y1 – y2) / 2, y1 + y2 ∓ √3 (x1 – x2) / 2]

         

        1. The equation of the straight line which passes through a given point (x1, y1) and makes an angle α with the given straight line y = mx + c are

        1. The equation of the family of lines passing through the intersection of the lines a1x + b1y+ c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 is

        (a1x + b1y+ c1) + l(a2x + b2y + c2) = 0 where, λ is any real number.

        1. Line ax + by + c = 0 divides the line joining the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in the ratio λ : 1, then λ = – (a1x + b1y+ c / a2x + b2y + c).

        If λ is positive it divides internally and if λ. is negative, then it divides externally.

        1. Area of a polygon of n-sides with vertices A1(x1, y1), A2 (x2, y2) ,… ,An(xn, yn)

        1. Equation of the pair of lines through (α, β) and perpendicular to the pair of lines ax2 + 2hxy

        + by2 = 0 is b (x – α}2 – 2h (x – α)(y – β) + a (y – β)2= 0.

        Prev NCERT Sums Ex-10.3
        Next Introduction, General Equation of second Degree, Parabola, Sums based on Finding Equation of Parabola

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